Violent Media and Children

Introduction From the perspective of most parents violent content in the form of fist fights, shootings, murders and an assortment of other similar actions should not be viewed by children due to the possibility of subsequent emulation or if such actions have an adverse impact on the way in which their child develops.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Violent Media and Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several studies examining early childhood development do indicate that a child’s formative years (age 4 to 12) is a period in which they begin to develop the behavioral characteristics and ideologies that influence their subsequent adult behaviors and actions (Hansen Zambo, 2007). Aspects related to religion, culture and ideologies introduced during this early stage of development reflect well into adulthood and become an integral aspect of who a person is to become (Hansen Zambo, 2007). It is based on this developmental backdrop that parents and society developed the notion that early onset exposure to violent content will have an adverse effect on a child’s development and as such children should be inculcated early on with positive societal messages in the form of cooperation, peaceful action and other similar behavioral characteristics that espouse the creation of a socially acceptable persona. Gerard Jones on the other hand espouses a completely different approach to early childhood development in which he states that the introduction of violent media in the form of comic books, cartoons and other similar forms of consumable media actually have a positive effect on children resulting in the development of independent, socially well adjusted children that from an early age are capable of utilizing what they perceive from violent media as a method of overcoming early onset fears and become more socially well adjusted as compared to their peers that have been exposed t o little if next to no violent content. Jones presents the notion that violent media enables children to experience the full gamut of emotions denied to them by their parents and society. In the words of Melanie Moore â€Å"it enables them to explore the inescapable feelings that they’ve been taught to deny and to reintegrate those feelings into a more whole, more complete and more resilient selfhood†. While such notions are relatively alien to the current prevailing societal consensus regarding children and violence it does make a valid argument. Rage and anger are actually normal human emotions, while society disparages their utilization and expression it must be noted that they are normal feelings that have been with humans since the beginning of evolution. Coming to a complete realization of their effective utilization while at the same time limiting their use through calm analytic thinking is actually a rite of passage for most individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What must be understood though is that Jones is not trying to espouse that children should be violent rather he presents the notion that aspects related to violence such as rage can actually have a positive effect on children. In his words â€Å"rage can be an energizing emotion, a shot of courage to push us to resist greater threats, take more control, than we ever thought we could†. It is aspects related to courage, taking control of life and energizing ones actions that Jones looks at as positive aspects of violent media for children. In fact a cursory glance of most violent media directed at children shows stories which teaches individuals to overcome fears, aspire to greater heights and overcome adversity in order to achieve their dreams. Violent media directed at children should not be treated as a device that encourages violent actions but rather as a method of encouraging proper development which takes into account the gamut of all human emotions and not just a select few. Impact of Violent Media on Children Studies examining the impact of violent media on children have drawn up conflicting conclusions with some stating that violent media adversely affects children while others point out that there is little effect at all (Schechter et al., 2009). What must be understood is that the concept of violent media and its exposure to children has been generalized to include all forms of violent media and not separate it into varying degrees. In the case of the argument presented by Jones it can be seen that he argues his point on the basis of the distinctly low level type of violence seen in comic books and some action based cartoons. Some studies involving the behavioral growth of children utilize high levels of violence as seen in several of today’s action movies and shows, however they tend to categorize these elements under the same genre as low level violent media (Schechter et al., 2009). While it can be argued that showing children violent movies such as Saw or Kill Bill could cause the development of abnormal behavioral characteristics the fact is most children are more interested in low level types of violence as seen in comic books and cartoons as compared to the high levels seen in mature shows and movies utilized by researchers in their studies. Studies examining the active interests of children unsurprisingly show a predilection towards watching popular cartoons, anime or reading comic books (Browne Hamilton-Giachritsis, 2005). It was noted that 9 out of 10 children preferred watching cartoons and anime over mature programming and as such this shows that research utilizing violent mature programming as the basis of their examination are inherently flawed since most children prefer programs geared towards children. Another factor that should be taken into consideration is the fact that even if a child should watch a violent mature show or movie it must be questioned as to whether or not they can actually understand most of the mature themes involved. On average children have a limited knowledge on the types of adult themes present in movies and shows geared towards mature audiences (Browne Hamilton-Giachritsis, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Violent Media and Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact it was noted by one study examining the ability of children to accurately depict themes in mature rated programming that the respondents barely knew any of the actual relevance of the themes in the shows (Browne Hamilton-Giachritsis, 2005). Another notable factor that should be taken into account is the fact that even though several cartoons from the 1980s to the present show varying levels of violence long term studies examining the behavioral characteristics of children exposed to this particu lar form of media showed next to no abnormal behavioral characteristics. In fact most of the children involved grew up to become relatively well adjusted individuals with few behavioral problems. It is based on this that it can be should be stated that certain forms of violent media have been proven to have little to no adverse effects on the behavioral development of children and as such should not be considered detrimental towards the proper development of children on the basis of the content being somewhat violent. Pop Culture and Identification One of the prevailing arguments against letting children see violent media is the supposed potential that exists of children imitating what they see in comic books and television shows (Huesmann, 2010). Studies examining the effect pop culture has on children reveal that on average children, especially young children, have the tendency to emulate child pop culture icons such as Hannah Montana, Spongebob Squarepants and other similar forms of identifiable imagery (Huesmann, 2010). In fact this behavioral aspect is even noted in members of the adult community and as such is the basis for many arguments stating the potentially harmful effects violent media could have. What must be understood is that the arguments being presented neglect to take into account the fact that parental influences play a contributing and limiting factor to some aspects of a child’s behavior and as such should be trusted as a means of enabling children to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong (Anderson, 2011). In fact, various studies have even shown that parental influences play a major role in personality development resulting in either proper growth and maturity or the instilment of negative personality traits similar to immaturity, dependence, and an overall sense of being unable to become self-reliant.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The development of a child’s behavior is not dependent on consumable media alone but rather on how parent’s influence and mold a child’s behavior. As such even though violent media is introduced to a child it can be stated that so long as parents are there to enable a child to distinguish right from wrong then there is little cause for concern. It must be noted though that in cases where there is a distinct degree of parental absenteeism a child’s behavioral development will thus be predominantly influenced by external sources which should be a cause for concern since such instances have been shown to be influential factors in the development of abnormal personality traits. Development and Human Emotion Studies examining the prevalence of independent action and initiative in children show that on average children with the most well rounded set of emotional development often show the most drive and initiative when it comes to independent action and leaders hip roles (Wagner, 2004). While Jones may not explicitly state it in his article it is actually implied that children who are not exposed to certain types of violent media tend to not develop independent personalities but rather take on dependent behavioral characteristics. It must be noted that society’s adherance to the belief that violence is bad for children has resulted in parents developing parental practices that espouse peaceful behavior and nonviolence. In fact such practices have grown to such an extent that the concept of social conformity and peaceful behavior is often forced upon children resulting in the suppression of the development of certain aspects of their emotional makeup. This results in children developing behavioral characteristics akin to dependence, conformity and a distinct lack of initiative due to a form of trauma in which they associate aspects related to socially unacceptable conduct to the suppressive actions of their parents. This causes them to withdraw into themselves rather than become more expressive. As Jones notes in his article children that are allowed to be exposed to violent media tend to be more expressive, open minded and have more access to the full gamut of their emotional capacities compared to children whose emotional growth has been inadvertently suppressed by their parents. What must be understood is the fact that current day parental practices assume that exposure to violence is bad based on preconceived societal notions when in fact there have been few studies which have actually successfully connected violent media exposure to the children developing into violent adults. In fact for the most part children exposed to violent cartoon series or comic books appear, for all intents and purposes, perfectly normal and turn into well rounded individuals. It must be noted that the parental predilection to believe that violent media has negative implications on children is grounded in institutional theory. Ins titutional theory specifically states that people have the tendency to adhere to traditional institutions rather than move towards more efficient newer institutions due to their belief that older institutions are more stable due to prolonged length of time that they’ve been around (Hess Hess, 1999). In this particular case parents adhere to a specific type of social institution that believes that violent media will create violent children and adults. Several studies examining parental predilections towards this particular type of institution have noted that when questioned as to why they adhere to the social institution in question the essence of all answers given show that parents do so due to their belief that since the institution has been around for such a long period of time and that it is widely accepted means that it must be right (Spitzer, 2005). What must be understood is that just because a social institution is widely accepted and has been around for a long time d oesn’t make it automatically right. For example, one of the most widely accepted social institutions in the past was the belief that men were superior to women, this resulted in women being thought of as incapable of doing certain jobs, that the place of a woman was at home and that women did not have the right to decide the future of a country. Suffice it to say, such a view has been recently debunked however it must be noted that it had persisted for several hundred years with most of human culture adhering to its tenets. It is based on this that the social institution advocating that violent media is bad for children should not be immediately credited as being absolutely correct. Historical precedent has shown that not all widely accepted societal views are correct and thus this one should not be considered as an absolute truth. Conclusion Based on the various examples presented it can be seen that the preconceived notions attached to violent media are in fact fallacious a nd heavily embedded in parental practices that originate from a social institution that may not necessarily be correct. As it was shown by both Jones in his article and in the various other studies cited, children that are exposed to violent media in the form of comic books and cartoons develop into mature and behaviorally stable adults with few problems. In fact when taking the views of Jones into consideration it can even be stated that the introduction of violent media can in fact enable children to develop stronger and more independent personalities that will enable them to express themselves better, take the initiative more and be more likely to overcome adverse situations as compared to their peers that were not exposed to violent media. While it may be true that when parents prevent their children from viewing violent media they are under the belief that they are in effect helping their children grow into better adults but the truth is what they are doing is in effect stuntin g the full emotional growth of their children. As explained earlier traits related to violence such as aggression are inherent parts of a person’s normal emotional makeup and as such are a necessary aspect in enabling an individual to grow into an emotionally stable person. Negative emotional qualities help to balance the positive aspects of an individuals personality so as to enable them to live a balanced life. By denying children the ability to develop the full gamut of their behaviors from an early stage parents are in effect hindering them from being able to mature at a normal pace which may actually lead to the development of abnormal personalities. This can take the form of dependence, childishness and the inability to take care of oneself without being instructed. It is based on this that in the case of allowing children to view violent media this paper agrees with the argument of Jones and also advocates it use so as to enable children to develop a more well rounded set of behavioral traits. Reference List Anderson, C. A. (2011). Violent Video Games and Other Media Violence (Part I).  Pediatrics for Parents, 27(1/2), 28. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Browne, K. D., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2005). The influence of violent media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach. Lancet, 365(9460), 702-710. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Hansen, C., Zambo, D. (2007). Loving and Learning with Wemberly and David: Fostering Emotional Development in Early Childhood Education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 34(4), 273-278. Hess, T. H., Hess, K. D. (1999). The effects of violent media on adolescent inkblot responses: Implications for clinical and.. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 439-445. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Huesmann, L. (2010). Nailing the Coffin Shut on Doubts That Violent Video Games Stimulate Aggression: Comment on Anderson et al. (2010). Psychological  Bulletin, 136(2), 179-181. Schechter, D. S., Gross, A., Willheim, E., McCaw, J., Turner, J., Myers, M. M., †¦ Gleason, M. (2009). Is maternal PTSD associated with greater exposure of very young children to violent media?. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(6), 658-662. Spitzer, M. (2005). Influence of violent media on children and adolescents. Lancet, 365(9468), 1387-1388. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Wagner, C. G. (2004). Aggression and Violent Media. Futurist, 38(4), 16. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. This essay on Violent Media and Children was written and submitted by user Tyrell W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Should We Honor Our Vets essays

How Should We Honor Our Vets essays "...with liberty and justice for all." Words that ring true for millions of people in this country and only because of the sacrifice and efforts of our veterans. The liberty and justice that our veterans have fought for doesn't seem to apply to them. The American dream is the cause in which they risked their lives. A dream of freedom where the future generations of Americans would live peacefully with no slavery and no tyranny; a place where everyone has a future and everyone has a dream. These brave and outstanding citizens of America have risked their lives and futures for us, and yet, we have done so little to give our thanks for the sacrifices they have suffered. Where is the liberty in a man who is confined to a wheelchair after fighting in war for our freedoms? Where is the justice when the United States government cuts that man's benefits? It is a travesty to see how we treat the men and women who have given us this wonderful country that we live in. Disability payments are boing cut which means our veterans may not be able to get the medical necessities that they need to be in good health. Our veterans have lost so much in the wars, the least we could do is show them the American hospitality that they deserve and give them the medical attention they need to survive. At this time in our nation's history we seem to have finally begun to take a serious look at the heroic achievements of the men and women of World War II. High profile movies like "Saving Private Ryan" captured our interest giving us new insight into the horror of the most devastating war of our time. We should have a national memorial to pay tribut to those men and women who endured terrible hardships on our behalf. Mass efforts are now underway to do just that. "We the prople, of the United Sates" owe our veterans so much. They have shown us so convincingly how to find courage and enduring strength in anything we might want to acco...

Mass medias influence on American politics Term Paper

Mass medias influence on American politics - Term Paper Example Within this essay, this disservice will be discussed and many examples provided, proving that journalists do sometimes abuse their power when reporting political campaigns and/or political events or happenings, which can lead to misinformation and also damage of reputation for those involved in â€Å"biased† mass media reporting. One of the first examples that come to mind concerning biased reporting of politics comes from the everyday reporting of CNN and FOX television and web news. According to a journalism professor at The University of Tennessee, The Associated Press, which sets the standard for accredited news reporting throughout the United States, says that if you give one political candidate or party a certain amount of time on-air, in the newspaper or online, you must also give the opposing candidate the same amount of time and/or space. Neither of these mediums should do this; this is unfair and biased reporting, unethical on both network’s accounts. CNN is p rimarily a democratic network (Hyscience) and FOX is primarily a republican (Hyscience) network. Both of these networks work overtime bashing each other and defending the political party of their choice. For instance, during last year’s Tea Party republican rally, held in Nevada, it was reported by CNN that â€Å"dozens of people showed up† for this particular political event (Wizbang). However, other sources (Rightnetwork) provided pictures proving that thousands of people actually showed up for the Tea Party rally. CNN’s play on words, saying that â€Å"dozens† showed up, made it sound as if almost nobody showed up to support the Tea Party rally. Other sources estimated thousands of people showing up and also provided pictures of the multitude of people who showed up for the event. CNN’s bias toward the Democratic Party, in this case, was most certainly unethical, according to Associated Press standards, and these biased reports to the public mad e it look as if the Tea Party was just a minor event when in all actuality, it was a huge event. Also, MSNBC was very happy to report and broadcast a video recently of President Barack Obama being â€Å"snubbed† by Russian leaders (Youtube). This was broadcasted by MSNBC, another primarily republican network, only to make President Barack Obama look â€Å"bad†, like he isn’t being accepted by other world leaders. With the presidential re-election coming up, a conclusion could easily be drawn that MSNBC’s intentions for airing the video is to make the public consider the possible lack of respect that the rest of the world holds for President Barack Obama in hopes that he will lose the upcoming election. Reporting this in a negative light, unless it is the absolute truth, is most certainly unethical on MSNBC’s behalf. Yet another instance of unfair and biased reporting came many years ago, when former President Bill Clinton had an affair with Whiteho use intern, Monica Lewinski. Lewinski was â€Å"ragged† by the media and her character absolutely ripped apart by almost every network throughout the entire United States of America. They portrayed her as a â€Å"loose† woman, a â€Å"whore† and seemed to blame her more for the affair than they did the president himself. Of the millions of networks that portrayed her as such, only Barbara Walters, a huge name in the field of journalism,

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example ican Dream† of making a safe and secure life for oneself through sheer dint of hard work and the consequent failure of the dream is at the heart of Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman†. Some of the plays important characters are Willy Loman, the protagonist who is an aging salesman. His wife Linda is a loyal and devoted housewife. They have two sons namely Biff who is elder and Happy who is the younger of the two. Both the brothers are very unlike each other in many ways and we are going to investigate these characters by comparing and contrasting them. Though Linda knows Willy’s faults yet she tries her best to stand by him. Speaking of her husband she says, Hes not the finest character that ever lived. But hes a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. (Linda Loman, Act 1) Biff is Willy’s elder son who is a 34 year old reckless and irresponsible person who finds it extremely hard trying to hold on to a job for a reasonable period of time. He is like the typical â€Å"rolling stone gathers no moss† type and this exasperates Willy his father who tries his best to make something of him, but to no avail. Happy who is Biff’s younger brother, is 32 years of age and is the opposite of Biff where jobs are concerned. He has a steady job and works on a steady and regular basis. However, unlike his brother Biff he does not have enough courage to take risks to improve his present status. He prefers to go on in the same way as when he started without making changes to better himself. Willy is quite envious of his successful businessman neighbor Charley who is a constant reminder of all that Willy is not. Moreover, Charley’s son Bernard was a very hardworking, intelligent and very successful person which proved to be Willy’s sore point because his son Biff Loman was no where near to him. In this context Willy once passed snide remarks saying – â€Å"Bernard is liked, but not well liked† showing his envious attitude. (Biff Loman, Act 1) Biff

Machine Made Ghost Essay Example for Free

Machine Made Ghost Essay Chapter six of â€Å"The Matrix and Philosophy† provides the study of the significant contribution of philosophy applied in the film art. Jason Holt wrote his philosophical analysis regarding the movie â€Å"the Matrix† with a large consideration on its relation with the ideas from some key philosophers in history. He drew some arguments using the perspective of the fictitious characters of the screenplay while key points were given supported by mainstream schools of thought. One of the points he raised is the theory of Rene Descartes that is commonly known as the Evil Demon Hypothesis saying that all knows for sure is one thing that they exist. It says that everything can be conceived as results being determined by a demon who just wants to mess with the people. And so, as applied in the movie â€Å"the Matrix†, the only thing that cannot be denied is the fact that everyone has a thought. This is something that cannot be in an illusory form therefore, all the assumptions we have about ourselves are for real and that we are as we think we are. Holt also placed emphasis and pointed out the idea of Mind-body problem. This idea also came from Descartes. The inter relation between mind and matter was used in the story several times. For example, with the scene where Neo was put in the challenge of having the trust that he will not fall from the skyscraper. Neo fell for not believing that he can leap to the next structure. Neo fell for not controlling the matters through his mind (Irwin, W. 2002. P. 66-74). That is where the mind- body got its significance. Descartes distinguishes mind from matters as two separated substances and made them interdependent. The mind is attributed with thoughts while in the case of matter, it is attributed with spaces. Here started the mind-body problem in which the question about the nature of mind and matter were brought into consideration. How can these two distinct variables possibly correlate or influence each other or what links them and affect each other. In a way, there remained the expectation that the mind is so powerful that anyone can make the matter including the body act, move, and appear the way we think. Things cannot have anything in common, as per Descartes, for if it happened, the fundamental state of objects cannot be different. So it became a big question in Holt’s work on how mind and body will be able to interact if they have nothing in common. We can recall that there are some philosophers in modern times have different to say. They are not convinced that mind and matter are different substances. What remained convincing them is the realistic view about the mind in which the distinction between mind and the brain states was apparent. Let’s say, one of the brains most impressive powers is that it is incredibly capable of learning. The mind is reducible to natural processes that can be translated into the language of scientific thought process like math. Holt deals largely on what’s in the mind. More than the subtlety that’s in it; the approach on metaphysical aspects of the mind is the center of this study. It had been a quest to knock the way out of empirical science to analyze the nature of the mind thoroughly. One key terminology used by Holt is â€Å"Machine-made ghost† which gives the picture of a variable structured by thought, to refer to the word ghost, related to the characteristic of a machine. What does it suggest then? It shows a challenging question regarding the possibility of creating an artificial minds or artificial soul. The matter that resembles a body may refer and relate to robotics or AI as used in the movie. More likely, it is far beyond the present capability of human to make it realized but it will not change the fact that it is possible. The link between Mind and Matter doesn’t just go one way whereas the mind determines the condition and situation of the matter. We must consider the fact that nothing determines which instead it is a relationship. It can be done vice versa. This movie â€Å"the Matrix† is conceived by its creators from a materialist perspective. There is an obvious attempt to discuss and explain all phenomena including the feelings of characters from the real world setting of the movie to the characters inside the Matrix like the Oracle and the architect. Everything that they disagree, and all ideas that they embrace are based by the choices they are making as they go along. This is claimed by the Oracle in one of her conversation with Neo saying that he already made those choice that now, all he needs to do is to go along and understand why he made those choices (Wachowski, A. L. 1999). Inside matrix, they are just plain copy of their actual self but the involvements of all repressed wishes provide the best claims for the theories and ideas used by Holt. References Irwin, W. (2002) The matrix and philosophy: welcome to the desert of the real. USA: Carus Publishing Company Wachowski, A. L. (1999). The Matrix. USA: Warner Brothers Studio

The Unlikely Heros of Antony and Cleopatra Essay -- Antony Cleopatra E

The Unlikely Heros of Antony and Cleopatra    In Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra the two eponymous heroes, and lovers frequently contend with each other in a battle of words and wills. It is from these conflicts, that the reader learns most about each characters true nature. From the start of the play Antony is portrayed as a ruler who has lost his desire for dominance, a ruler who has lost his rigid loyalty to his empire, but instead has found his lover - Cleopatra. From the outset we have many reasons to dislike this influenced hero, yet as we find ourselves captivated in a play of conflicts, loyalty and war, he eventually wins our admiration.    Antony is a character that has lost many of the fine qualities he once possessed. Love strips Antony of the things he has previously valued: power, ambition, honour, integrity as a soldier and leader. Throughout the play Antonys diminish is clearly shown by his actions, as Cleopatra gradually influences him.    Primarily Antonys new disloyalty to his country and the triumvirate is a reason we di...

Production of Chalks out of Seashells

Background of the StudyMore people used to collect seashells for fun and for past time. They made decorations, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But aside from those things, seashell can also made into a much useful thing. We are aware that education is the most powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer. Of course, there is already some modernized equipment, but still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a worst facility matters. We already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So the researcher will conduct this study to find out if seashells can be used in making a durable chalk.Statement of the ProblemAlmost all commercialized or local products’ price is continuously increasing. And this is a big aspect to be considered in schooling. Some of the schools don’t have enough support from government and this thing brings difficulties for students. General ObjectiveThis study primarily aims to find out if seashells can be used in making chalk. Specific Objective1. To determine if seashells are effectiveness of seashells in chalk making. Hypotheses1. There is significance difference between our product, chalk from sea shells and the leading commercial one.2. There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability.Significance of the Study This study opens another way for people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable and long-lasting use that will take part in this study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common problem of spending much in. And it also helps us to gain money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we thought to be useless, tr ansformed into a much useful and more powered thing.Scope and Delimitations of the Study This study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one. The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were limited to 3 tests only.Definition of Terms Seashells- the shell of marine animal and especially a mollusk. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)Cassava – also called manioc, yucca, balinghoy, mogo, mandioca, kamoteng kahoy, tapioca-root (predominantly in India) and manioc root, a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge) family native to South America, is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava)Chalk- is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calci te. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)Review of Related LiteratureA seashell is the common name for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a â€Å"test†, that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to mean the  shells of a wide variety of marine animals from different phyla. For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, natural detritus deposited along strand lines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft parts having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. Empty seashel ls are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study.However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may, after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers; these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviae of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and sand dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes.Methods and Materials Tools and Materials The tools and materials that will be used in this study are seashells, cassava, m ortar and pestle, grater, oven toaster, bowl and cloth.Research DesignGeneral ProcedureFirst, the researcher will collect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. After that, the shells will be pulverized until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container. The cassava will be grated and squeezed its juice using cloth. Separate the liquid from its residue, mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of water at the right ratio of the quantity of  the mixture. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. Place it under the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used. ï » ¿Production of Chalks out of Seashells Background of the StudyMore people used to collect seashells for fun and for past time. They made decorations, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But aside from those things, seashell can also made into a much useful thing. We are aware that education is the most powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer.Of course, there is already some modernized equipment, but still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a worst facility matters. We already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So the researcher will conduct this study to find out if seashells can be used in making a durable chalk.Statement of the ProblemAlmost all commercialized or local products’ price is continuously increasing. And this is a big aspect to b e considered in schooling. Some of the schools don’t have enough support from government and this thing brings difficulties for students.General ObjectiveThis study primarily aims to find out if seashells can be used in making chalk.Specific Objective 1. To determine if seashells are effectiveness of seashells in chalk making. Hypotheses1. There is significance difference between our product, chalk from sea shells and the leading commercial one.2. There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability.Significance of the StudyThis study opens another way for people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable and long-lasting use that will take part in this study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common problem of spending much in. And it also helps us to gain money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we thought to be useless, trans formed into a much useful and more powered thing.Scope and Delimitations of the StudyThis study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one.The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were limited to 3 tests only.Definition of TermsSeashells- the shell of marine animal and especially a mollusk. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)Cassava – also called manioc, yucca, balinghoy, mogo, mandioca, kamoteng kahoy, tapioca-root (predominantly in India) and manioc root, a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge) family native to South America, is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava)Chalk- is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. (h ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)Review of Related LiteratureA seashell is the common name for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a â€Å"test†, that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to mean the  shells of a wide variety of marine animals from different phyla.For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, natural detritus deposited along strand lines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft parts having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. Empty seashells are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study. However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade.This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may, after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers; these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviae of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and sand dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes.Methods and Materials Tools and Materials The tools and materials that will be used in this study are seashells, cassava, mortar a nd pestle, grater, oven toaster, bowl and cloth.Research DesignGeneral ProcedureFirst, the researcher will collect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. After that, the shells will be pulverized until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container. The cassava will be grated and squeezed its juice using cloth. Separate the liquid from its residue, mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of water at the right ratio of the quantity of the mixture. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. Place it under the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used.Figure 1 Procedural DesignThe sea shells will be gathered from Baybay in Roxas City.