Max Weber And Karl Marx On Modern Capitalism - 1510 Words

Max Weber and Karl Marx on Modern Capitalism Anna Thor Sociology 475: Classical Sociological Theory Capitalism has continued to affect the way our society works as it is vital to our society. Two sociologists named Karl Marx and Max Weber have explained what they saw the historical emergence of modern capitalism. Both Karl Marx and Max Weber saw the significance of evolution of modern capitalism in the United States. Although both of the sociologists have differing views on how they saw the emergence of modern capitalism, there are also crossover and similarities in what they find as well as what they think should be done differently. Either way, both Karl Marx and Max Weber make significant explanations of capitalism which we can see that is still relevant today. First of all, capitalism is the production of commodity for purposes of sales. It is an economic system where the means of production, distribution and exchange of wealth is made by individuals or corporations. The origin of capitalism starts when the producer wants to increase the sums of values they possessed and buys the laborer’s power for cheap and therefore increase the profits the producer makes (Tucker, p 432). Capitalism also involves with hierarchy of labor, production, wage labor, and surplus value, technology, and religion. Karl Marx and Max Weber state their critiques on this modern capitalism in the United States. Karl Marx views the capitalism in America as selling commodities forShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Max Weber1324 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx and Max Weber were influential sociologists that paved the way for modern sociological school of thought. Both, Karl Marx and Max Weber contributed a lot to the study and foundation of sociology. Without their contributions sociology would not be as prominent as it is today. From the contribution of how sociology should be studied, to how they applied their theories to everyday life has influenced many sociologists. Predominantly, both of these theorists’ discussed the effects of capitalismRead MoreMarx, Emile Durkheim, And Max Weber : The Unjust Theory Of The New World1470 Words   |  6 Pages Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber were all born from a middle-class background in Europe. First Karl Marx was born in (1818-1883), Durkheim (1858-1917), and Max Weber (1864-1920) was close to Durkheim in age, but forty years later after Marx. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber are the most essential theorist of the nineteenth century whose theories are well known today. Their thinking was based on the rising of the preindustrial, and industrial revolution society. Europe went throughRead MoreKarl Marx And Max Weber1332 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent religion in depth that exist on earth and various perspectives of well known people on the study of religion. I chose Karl Marx and Max Weber for my paper assignment. Two sociologists and philosophers have discussed their views on religion and its impact on society. Most of the Sociologist of that time wrote about the role of religion in society, Karl Marx and Max Weber observations are particularly relevant for our course. Religion is one of the principle social ideologies that impacts socialRead MoreCapitalism and Society1597 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx and Max Webber both many had many philosophies of the capitalism and its effects on society. Their ideas helped pave the way and expand on theories of previous sociologists. Both men have a deep insight of socioeconomic class in the origins and development of modern capitalism. This paper will analyze the impact of capitalism on society as perceived by both men and the areas in which they agreed, disagreed, and expanded on the ideas of the other. In many ways, the Weberian theory wasRead MoreMarx s Theory Of Historical Materialism1495 Words   |  6 PagesCapitalism is an economic system in a society in which private owners control industry and trade within a country, rather than the state. Both Karl Marx and Max Weber, have written theories on how this system develops in countries and creates a nation state that is characterised by production and wealth. Marx’s theory takes more of a top-down approach, suggesting that people have little power in how their society is run. On the other hand, Weber’s bottom-up approach demonstrates how people have theRead MoreKarl Marx And Max Weber1663 Words   |  7 Pagesnature of the society that we live in. Karl Marx and Max Weber were two world renowned social theorists who both looked at the world in similar and contrasting ways and have helped shape the world that we live in today. Marx and Weber analyzed the transformations of society that resulted in similarities along with differences, explaining the nature along with causes of the transformation which helps other theorists come up with methods for their claims today. Karl Marx was a German philosopher and revolutionaryRead MoreKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim And Max Webers Influence On Religion1727 Words   |  7 PagesThree theorists, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, are undoubtedly the fathers of modern sociology. â€Å"Nineteenth century Western Europe was pounded by pivotal forces of transformation. Politics, education, religion, communication science, art, and social life were being revolutionized.† (Mohseni 1994;85) Each with distinct views on society and religion, these sociologists are and their theories are significant especially in the field of society. Just as much as they play a major role in theRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Industrial Revolution1214 Words   |  5 Pagesfeudalism to capitalism due to the increasing progress of technology. â€Å"For Marx the industrial revolution marked the transition between two essentially different periods of capitalist development, the first being characterised by the dominance of manufacture and the second by the dominance of ‘modern industry’† (McQuaire, 1978, p188). Different sociological theorists focus on different causes of the development of capitalism. Weber’s ideas originate from The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism whereRead MoreKarl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism3012 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction of Karl Marx and Max Weber Theories Karl Marx and Max Weber speak about capitalism and social class. They both agree that modern methods of organization have tremendously increased the effectiveness and efficiency of production. However they both have different concept of theories. Karl Marx speaks about Alienation and Critique of Capitalism .Marx argued that this alienation of human work is precisely the defining feature of capitalism. He regards alienation as product of the evolutionRead MoreThe Impacts of the Emergence of Sociology on the Works of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber1057 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies. In this essay, the adequacy of this viewpoint will be analysed by pointing out these developments and highlighting their impact on the works of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber. The three are considered because they are regarded as the pioneers of sociology. Furthermore, the relevance of the early work of the above to modern sociology will be highlighted. The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was a period characterised by large population growth coupled with a large demographic shift

Pepsi Philippines Corporate Profile - 4573 Words

I. CORPORATE PROFILE 1.1 Name of the company Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines, Inc. 1.2 Website of the company: International: http://www.pepsico.com Local: http://www.pepsiphilippines.com 1.3 Address or Location of the Company Km. 29 National Road, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City 1773, Metro Manila 1.4 Location and Branches: Luzon | Cagayan Valley Operations | Turingan St., Dubinan east, Santiago City, Isabela | Central Luzon Operations | Sindalan, San Fernando, Pampanga | Modern Trade Operations | United St. Corner, West Capitol Drive, Capitolyo, Pasig City | Muntinlupa Plant | Tunasan, Muntinlupa City | Naga Plant | Concepcion Grande, Naga City | North Luzon Operations | Udiao, Rosario, La Union | Southern†¦show more content†¦As PCPPI’s majority owners, Guoco has not only brought in fresh capital but also installed a seasoned management team. Under this new leadership, PCPPI’s sales volume has been on the rise. In 2002, PCPPI registered a dramatic business growth and made a turn-around after years of low sales and employee morale. In 2004, PCPPI introduced noncarbonated beverages to the market. In 2006, PCPPI was named as the Best Bottler of the Year for Asia by PepsiCo Inc. In 2008, PCPPI successfully launched its initial public offering. In 2010, PCPPI started its campaign for a better environment by implementing a renewable energy project which changed the plants energy source from bunker fuel to steam. And Lotte Chilsung Beverage Co. Ltd. Became the single largest shareholder of PCPPI with 34.4% shares. 1.9 Vision-Mission of the Company 1.10.1 Vision of the Company Be the premier Food amp; Beverage Company in the Philippines 1.9.2 Mission of the Company We will continue to market a portfolio of international and home-grown branded quality products at prices that provide good value to our consumers in key Food amp; Beverage category. We are committed to expand the business and provide healthy financial returns to our shareholders, opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, business partners and theShow MoreRelatedPepsi Cola Philippines Feasibility Study5554 Words   |  23 PagesTrucking Business Plan Project/Business Introduction Pepsi Cola Products Philippines, Inc. Company Overview We are the BEVERAGE COMPANY OF CHOICE - preferred by customers, trade partners, investors amp; employees of the Philippines. As such, we continuously delight them by offering quality beverages at best value, for every drinking occasion. We are a happy team in our workplace as we build a sustainable and profitable business, providing healthy financial rewards to our shareholders, and opportunitiesRead MoreCase Analysis8274 Words   |  34 Pages   Table of Contents Cover Page  1 Table of Contents  2 Part I. Case Research  3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Company Profile  3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1. Vision, Mission, Objectives and Strategies  7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Developed Vision and Mission statements  8   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. Issues  10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. Interview  11   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. Solution  12 Part II. Analysis  15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Organizations external opportunities and threats  19   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM)  20   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. External Factor Evaluation (EFE)  21   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. Internal Strengths andRead MoreCoca-Cola vs Pepsi Essay3827 Words   |  16 Pagesand Pepsi are the two greatest competitors in the soft drink industry. A brief introduction and history of the two companies will provide a basis for understanding how the companies have come to be where they are today and how they run their companies. The company structure of each will also be briefly explained to provide an understanding of how management style is impacted. Marketing and Advertising The marketing skills that these companies possess are the reason both Coca-Cola and Pepsi areRead MoreEssay on Enviromental Factors For Starbucks1182 Words   |  5 Pagescoffee bars in some of Albertsons supermarkets. In another agreement, Starbucks and Kraft Foods developed an agreement that allows Starbucks to sell its coffee in over 25,000 grocery stores across the US. Another mutually beneficial agreement is with Pepsi Co. and Dreyer’s, allowing Starbucks to market and sell their popular cold beverage, Frappuccino and a line of coffee ice cream. In addition, Starbucks has begun test marketing on a new menu of breakfast, lunch, and dinner items to be sold in its retailRead MorePepsi Prospectus112807 Words   |  452 Pagesinvestors. The Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) assumes no responsibility for the correctness of any of the statements made or the opinions or reports expressed in the prospectus. Furthermore, the PSE makes no representation as to the completeness of the prospectus and disclaims any liability whatsoever for any loss arising from or in reliance in whole or in part on the contents of the prospectus. The offering information on this Web site is intended to be available only to Philippine and non-PhilippineRead MoreCompetitors Analysis - Soft Drink Industry5000 Words   |  20 PagesExecutive Summary Ââ€" Competition In 2005, the global carbonated soft drink (CSD) market generated revenues of over $147 billion, all of which comes from three global powerhouse companies occupying 90% of the market. Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Cadbury Schweppes, are one, two and three, respectively, in the very competitive CSD industry. Over past decades, the CSD market has been honored with record growth, showing consumption rates that have more than doubled over the last 25 years. Americans are consumingRead MoreCoca Cola Micro Macro Factors4499 Words   |  18 Pagesorganisation, there are more than one department with different functions and purposes. These functions would work towards the corporate goals collaboratively. There are seven operating structure in TCCC as follow: • Africa • East, South Asia and Pacific Rim • European Union • Latin America • North America • North Asia, Eurasia and Middle East • Bottling Investments • Corporate According to Credeur (2007), TCCC depends on soda for 80 percent of revenue, while PepsiCo depends on 60 percent on soda forRead MoreStarbucks Global Strategy5613 Words   |  23 Pagesto coffee lovers around the world is Stabucks’s main consideration. A branding strategy must work well with marketing strategy. Starbucks sells a lifestyle, to customers and employees alike (Appendix E). It has learned from the experience of Pepsi and others to link its brand to new trends. Therefore Starbucks success could be attributed to objective to meet their customers needs and innovate new product offerings. Selecting a marketing strategy based on a product mix is a key to StarbucksRead MorePepsi and Quaker Merger7234 Words   |  29 PagesValuation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 b. Discounted Cash Flows †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 c. Consolidated Cash flows †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 d. Test of Merger Performance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 e. Evaluation and Prognosis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 5. References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 22 Pepsi and Quaker merger analysis Introduction: This case talks about the latest trend of mergers and acquisitions and the ensuing fallout. The concern here is about the $14 billion merger of PepsiCo and Quaker Oats. After a long delay with regardsRead MorePepsi Summer Project Report12738 Words   |  51 Pagestowards schemes, in Bathinda(urban) and Barnala(rural) areas of Punjab. In this project I surveyed in Bathinda (urban) and Barnala (rural) areas of Punjab, and asked selected questions to the Distributors and retail outlet owners who were selling Pepsi products . I also covered the markets in these areas with the pre-sales representatives and rural sales promoters ot the company and obtained firsthand knowledge of their working. Out of my project I learnt these things: If one wants to grow in FMCG

Passion Salvation free essay sample

Seventeen years of living, ten different schools, eight different houses, and an infinite amount of life experiences have morphed me into the person I am today. I have always felt extremely lucky and grateful to have lived in many diverse places such as Mexico, Texas, New York, and Dubai, but it wasn’t until my freshman year in high school that I had finally found myself. Have you ever been to a place and knew that you were meant to be there, as if you finally belonged? It’s an unexplainable feeling, and I first experienced this rush in my school’s cooking club. I always knew I had loved to eat, but that year, I discovered that I loved to bake. Just like Julia Child, I was never really interested in anything until I discovered cooking. Cooking gave me opportunity. I was an artist when I was decorating a cake with a pastry bag. We will write a custom essay sample on Passion Salvation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was an engineer as I strategically structured food. I was a scientist when my foods reacted with each other. Although I never vehemently enjoyed chemistry, food had become my own scientific experiment. When I mixed individual food items, each element had its own flavor, but as I combined them proportionally, and they formed compounds that were bursting with new flavors, I found my passion. Throughout my adolescence, no matter where I lived, my sisters and I would buy Betty Crocker and Duncan Hines cake mixes and bake together. It wasn’t only our bonding time, as I grew older I realized it was the founding reason that drove me towards the kitchen. I would find solace and salvation in the kitchen as I used my Kitchen Aid and oven to create something that fed my cravings. Whether I was encompassed with stressful school work, or overwhelmed by my duties and responsibilities of any teenager, baking had become my escape from turmoil and havoc. As the years went on, I became the p resident of cooking club, and during my senior year, I enrolled myself in BOCES, a vocational school, to pursue culinary arts. One day, as my mind was enamored with focus and determination to poach my chicken and get all of my ingredients ready to make a salad, I suddenly stopped everything and thought about how much I loved being there and how I could imagine myself doing this every day for the rest of my life. I may have lacked skills compared to many of my other peers, who were far advanced with job experience from various restaurants and bakeries, but I have the advantage that my passion and thrive for learning would help me succeed and excel because I am a fighter, and I won’t give up.

SHRED case analysis Essay Example

SHRED case analysis Paper Hal was appointed to lead an accountant team on November 15 His Job was to report the audit progress There are typically 4 positions in an audit team: Partner-in-charge: overall the most responsible one Manager: supervises the whole auditing process In-charge-senior: carries out the auditing plan Staff members: perform tasks Frank is the partner-in-charge Although very unfamiliar, Hal becomes one of the four seniors, but after Richard signs, Hal becomes in-charge-senior, Audit report needs to be done by January 15 There were many statements that couldnt be provided to Hal. Hal and Linda both encounter unusual items. Step 3: Write the problem statement. A. First list the symptoms of the overall problem thats causing the symptoms. The other senior auditors act in their own way rather than together. Frank has poor work ethics. Franks work ethics affects the whole auditing process The deadline is near. B. Then name the mall underlying Issue?the core problem Due to Franks poor work integrity, it affects Halls job and position as the in-charge- Enron. C. Write the problem statement. State the most significant problem in 3 to 5 sentences. Hal, the auditing In-charge-senior of Reheard Company, was assigned to audit the ABA Group Ltd. As a result of Franks, the partner-in-charge, poor work ethics, Halls position as the in-charge-senior and the whole assignment gets jeopardized. Hal must approach Frank within the next day to straighten things out and to talk to him about the teams findings, otherwise, Halls positions, the firm, and ABA will face bad consequences. Step 4: State an objective for the manager Involved. Short-term objective (s): 1. To straighten things out with Frank 2. We will write a custom essay sample on SHRED case analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on SHRED case analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on SHRED case analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To present the teams findings and to make sure the auditing team is on the same page. Long-term objective (s): 10 present a stressful rep 2. To work together as a team. Rotor Step 5: Identify and rank order critical issues (underlying issues) related to the problem. Were focusing on one underlying issue in many cases, but there can be more than one. 1. Due to Franks poor work ethics, it affects Halls Job and position as the in-charge-senior. 2. The team is not working together, nor are they on the same page. 3. An audit report for the ABA is due on January 15. Step 6: Consider relevant information (facts) and underlying assumptions related to the problem. The other senior auditors act in their own way rather than together. Frank has poor work ethics. Step 7: List possible solutions to the problem. 1 . ) Hal can go ahead report his findings Advantages It will deal with the situation with Frank The right thing would be done/work ethics and integrity. Disadvantages It makes him a little tattle tale for exposing Frank It will make the auditing group look bad, as if they can not work together. Possible Outcomes Best: The group changes and works with integrity. Most Likely: The Frank situation will be dealt with. Least Likely: The group will look bad. 2. ) Hal can go along with his teams report There will be a report to present to ABA Even though the Frank situation wont be brought to attention, it will make the group look as if they worked together, professionally. Disadvantages It is not the right thing to do Frank will continue to act like this Best: ABA will never find out about the issues regarding Frank Most Likely: They will have something to present to ABA Least Likely: ABA find out about all the issues happening within the auditing group step B: select ten Test solution. I think the best solution for Hal is to report his own findings. With work, integrity and having good work ethics is absolutely important. It is important for the own individual and of course the company. Frank might thinks that he is benefiting from it, but it really is going to affects him. Not only does it affect him, but it also affects his colleagues, the ABA, and Reheard Company. Step 9: Decide how to implement the solution. Hal should talk to Frank personally first. If that does not work I think Hal should bring the attention to maybe the boss of Reheard Company. It might make Hal seem like a tattle tale, but at the end of the day it is really about doing the right thing. Step 10: Explain how to communicate the solution. Hal should talk to Frank first and try to hash out the problem. They should discuss about his findings and then try to solve it right then and there. Hopefully Frank will change and see what the better choice and route is for him, the company, and his colleagues.

Human Rights Essays - Human Rights, Humanism,

Human Rights I agree that human rights do not lend themselves to neat formulae. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) aims at guarding the interest of people residing in different countries. However, the political and cultural environment of a country would shape these rights. Some of the rights the essay would be discussing are the equality of the sexes, right to freedom of speech and education. Contrary to the West, women in Asia are often exploited and deprived of their rights in many areas, particularly in employment. This phenomenon can be attributed to the tradition and cultural differences between the two. Despite the influence of the west brought about by industrialization, the Asian Society is still rather conservative and very much in touch with the teachings of Confucius. Even till today, they are unable to completely abandon the concept of women being the weaker sex. Although the UDHR proclaims, "Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work." (UN, 1948, Article 23 (2)), it is not uncommon to hear that women are paid lower than men are. Women accept the fact that they are weaker as compared to men in terms of work in this male dominated society. They are taught to be submissive and regard their family as the top most priority in their childhood. Moreover, employers believe that women are home bounded and contributions to t! he company would be minimal as they work fewer days, in comparison to men, due to the entitlement of their maternity leaves. In the eyes of the west, this would be a violation of human rights but to an Asian, a cultural difference. "Everyone has the right to education." (UN, 1948, Article 26 (1)) does not hold in Asian context. Every American child is endowing with the right of education but receiving education is a form of luxury to the unfortunate Asian children. Most Asian countries are agricultural based and children are view as helping hands in the fields. Hence, children below the age of ten are often seen helping in the fields. Agrarian societies are generally poor parents are more concern with earning enough money to feed the family than paying for their children's education. Although the United Nations emphasize the importance of education and stress that "Education shall be free,?" (UN, 1948), these countries have no means of providing education as a free good. Families that are better off would send only the males to school, as they believe that males have to provide for the family in future. Girls are thought to be a burden to the family and would eventually marry off, hence, educating them ! would not be economical to the family. The US is able to provide free education because of its strong economic foundation after years of development. Hence, it would not be fair to accuse the east of being a violator of rights for not providing education as a public good to its people because they simply cannot afford it; education comes after development. This statement manifest in the following extract, "In the developed countries, universal primary education and literacy came after the process of development as well on its way." (Kamla Bahsin, Literacy for Women, Why and How!). "Many governments are inclined to define human rights in the manner most convenient to suiting their own political interests." (Boutros Butros Ghali, 1993). The definition to "freedom of speech" is highly debatable. The differences in political environment between Singapore and the US have cast different viewpoints on this contention. Singapore takes a firm stand in this issue and will hold the speaker responsible for what he declares. The government clamps down on remarks that promote civil unrest such as those of religious and racial issues. Many countries see this as under-mining of the UDHR but this restriction is necessary for the survival of Singapore. Without it, a multiracial society in Singapore would collapse and the consequences, civil unrest and eventually civil war. No doubt that countries are obliged to uphold the UDHR, certain diversities should be tolerated as most countries are "endowed with ancient and sophisticated cultures" (Alatas, 1993) which may differ from one another. Thus, the international community must take into consideration the country's traditions,

Definition and Examples of Pejorative Language

Definition and Examples of Pejorative Language The term pejorative language refers to words and phrases that hurt, insult, or disparage someone or something. Also called a  derogatory term or a term of abuse. The label pejorative (or derogatory) is sometimes used in dictionaries and glossaries to identify expressions that offend or belittle a subject. Nonetheless, a word thats regarded as pejorative in one context may have a non-pejorative function or effect in a different context. Examples and Observations of Pejorative Language It is often ... the case that pejorative terms are stronger when applied to women: bitch is seldom a compliment, whereas bastard (especially old bastard) can under some circumstances be intended as a term of respect or affection. Of similar positive status when masculine is dog (as in you old dog!, admiring a rouà ©); when feminine in reference in AmE it means an ugly woman. Witch is almost always pejorative, whereas wizard is often a compliment.(Tom McArthur, Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 2005)[T]here is a tendency to select our pejorative epithets with a view not to their accuracy but to their power of hurting...The best protection against this is to remind ourselves again and again what the proper function of pejorative words is. The ultimate, simplest and most abstract, is bad itself. The only good purpose for ever departing from that monosyllable when we condemn anything is to be more specific, to answer the question Bad in what way? Pejorative words are rightly used only when they do this. Swine, as a term of abuse, is now a bad pejorative word, because it brings no one accusation rather than another against the person it vilifies; coward and liar are good ones because they charge a man with a particular faultof which he might be proved guilty or innocent.  (C. S. Lewis, Studies in Words. Cambridge University Press, 1960) Pejorative Language As a  Persuasive  Strategy One important feature of a narratio  is that of characterization of the major players. The use of pejorative language was in order to dispose the audience in a particular direction toward ones own viewpoint and against that of others. Hence we hear [in the epistles of St. Paul] about false brothers secretly brought in who spy things out, or about those reputed to be pillars, or about Peters and Barnabas hypocrisy. This use of pejorative and emotional language is not accidental. It is meant to raise animus against the opposing viewpoint and sympathy for the speakers case.  (Ben Witherington, III, Grace in Galatia: A Commentary on Pauls Letter to the Galatians. TT Clark Ltd., 1998) Euphemisms and Lexical Change There are cases of euphemisms leading to lexical change in the past. For instance, imbecile originally meant weak and idiot meant non-expert, layperson. When these words had their meanings extended to soften the blow of saying that someone had very limited intellectual powers, the original meanings were obscured and eventually got lost. Unfortunately, when we use euphemisms, the unpleasant associations eventually catch up with the new word. Then it is time to find another one. (Surely, a more effective solution to the problem of reducing the hurt caused by using pejorative language is to change the attitudes of people who consciously or unconsciously use such language. Not an easy task.)(Francis Katamba, English Words: Structure, History, Usage, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2005) Rhetoric As a Pejorative Term The art of rhetoric was held in high regard from ancient Greece until late in the 19th century, occupying a prominent position in the paideia, which signified both education and culture. . . .Towards the end of the 19th century, rhetoric fell into disrepute and was no longer taught in the various educational institutions. The word rhetoric received a pejorative meaning, suggesting the use of underhanded tricks, fraud, and deceit, or the stringing together of hollow words, hackneyed expressions and mere platitudes. To be rhetorical was to be bombastic.(Samuel Ijsseling, Rhetoric and Philosophy in Conflict: An Historical Survey, 1975. Trans. from the Dutch by Paul Dunphy. Martinus Nijhoff, 1976)Rhetoric is not a term to embrace lightly; it is too pockmarked by a century in which it has been deemed to be associated merely with sophistication (in the less positive sense of that word), cant and emptiness. It has seemed to suggest a state in which language floats free of its context and th us becomes deracinated, superfluousperhaps inflatedand ultimately meaningless. This palsied view of rhetoric is not new, however. The earliest recorded pejorative reference to rhetoric in English, according to the OED, dates from the mid-sixteenth century. Plato was fiercely critical of it. It seems that the epithetic phrase sweet rhetoric has been particularly far from peoples mouths in the last hundred years or so.(Richard Andrews, Introduction. Rebirth of Rhetoric: Essays in Language, Culture and Education. Routledge, 1992)

AT&T Company background Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AT&T Company background - Research Paper Example In 2005, the company was bought by one of its Baby Bells, the former Southern Western Bell, and it was rebranded to AT&T Inc. On December 18 1899, the company bought American Bell assets making it its parent. In 1892, the company achieved its first goal by opening a long distance line from New York to Chicago which at the time could only handle one call at a time. When Theodore Vail started his second term as the company’s president, he generated the viewpoint, approaches and structures that guided it and the Bell system for about seventy years. In 1919, it set up the first dial telephones in the Bell System, in Norfolk VA and in 1922, it opens the first money-making radio station in New York called WEAF. From 1927, it began its first transatlantic telephone services and also showcases the first television demonstration. 1934, it started the transpacific telephone services and by 1946, mobile telephone had been introduced which was capable of carrying out over fifteen simultaneous calls. In 2002, the company introduced a nationwide intelligent optical network which is renowned for its ability to restore services faster if any disastrous event occurred, (Anton,

Effective leadership and its impact on organization performance Research Paper - 1

Effective leadership and its impact on organization performance - Research Paper Example An effective leader should be aware when to act and when not to act. An effective leader should have good knowledge as it gives the leaders the ability to evaluate the causes and outcomes of their actions. For the existence of an effective leadership, a leader has to acquire from a mentor who can inculcate values that outshine the leader himself. If no guides or mentors are available, a leader can learn the direction and meaning through intercession. Further, an effective leader will have a real good faith for the common good of their subordinates or followers. An effective leader is not only advising his followers or subordinates to follow some path but also will be ready to learn things that require to be inculcated. During their communication process, effective leaders will always communicate with fairness and will exhibit respect to others. An effective leader will always exhibit as an example to other by adhering politeness, gentleness, calmness and quietness. Following these qu alities will make them as effective observers, spectators and thinkers. An effective leader will involve in meaning, thinking and careful observations. An effective leader will have the right virtue for the desired goals and vision of their organizations. Leaders should strive hard without any expectations for the outcomes since the results of effective leadership should derive advantage from the organizations and people instead of the leaders itself. Effective leaders will involve themselves in sattvic charity with a real sense of offering without any anticipating anything in return (Avolio & Gardner 2005, p.320). This thesis will analyze how â€Å"effective leadership contributes towards the achievement of organization success and improvement in the performance level of an organization†. Leadership connotes many characteristics and variables influencing the manner in which it is evaluated so as to be regarded to be effective. Leadership connotes intellectual drive,

NAZI (symbol Swastika ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NAZI (symbol Swastika ) - Essay Example It wasn’t until the 1930’s that the Swastika began to denote evil implications. For example, the swastika was worn as a shoulder patch of a World War I U.S. Army Division and was a common decoration found on a myriad of objects. As Germany was behind other countries of the region in forming a formal nation (1871), its people felt susceptible to military and societal invasion from outside its borders. As an instrument to promote unification and national pride, German nationalists began to use the swastika from the mid 1800’s to represent the history of the Germanic and Aryan people. The swastika could be found on nationalist German ‘volkish’ publications by the end of the 1800’s and by the turn of the twentieth century, the swastika had grown in popularity throughout many German organizations. It was frequently used as the symbol for German nationalism. The Nazi Party’s aspiration to appeal to a wide German audience led them to chose the symbol in 1920. â€Å"Because of the Nazis’ flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, violence, death, and murder† (Rosenberg, 2006). As the industrial age swept across Europe in the mid-1800’s it brought society new opportunities but also inadvertently served to increase the individual’s feeling of remoteness and a loss of personal belonging (Mosse, 1964, p. 13). As Germany became modernized, its people began to feel alone in their own culture and began to desire closer association to their community. â€Å"Joining the Volk (the people of Germany) was a way to intellectually rebel against this new, modern world. The Volk was an intermediary between the extremes of individuality and the quest for cosmic identity† (Mosse, 1964, p. 15). The effect of this National Socialist movement was that it served to replace the capitalist philosophy and ended chances for personal upward mobility. Third

Creative Writing Example- Cinderella Story

Creative Writing Example- Cinderella Story 1st act (After mother death, Cinderella’s father did his second marriage. She has two daughters.) Father: My dear little daughter. Now this’s your mother and these are your sister’s. Go †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Get know them. (While smiling) Cinderella: Okay father (She was happily went near her sisters and said, let’s share my room all of us. She took them off the stage showing them love) Father: (While looking his new wife) I do hope that you will love and take care of my daughter like your own daughter. I grew up her like a flower. So, please take care of her after I leave. You understand? (She was smiling like make – believing) Step Mother: O key, Now I have not two but two children†¦I’ll take care of them, you. (To herself) Well lest see that after you leave, because I’m the one who ruling the house. Father:-Well, then I’m believing in you. My dear Cinderella†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (Cinderella entering to the stage with her two sisters from left side.) Cinderella: Yes†¦..Father†¦.. Father: My dear I’m leaving now. It’ll take even a One month to come back home. Be good with your step mother and sisters till I come. Okay†¦.. Cinderella: (With a pompous smile) Okay father†¦ Take care of yourself and come back soon. (After short silent of stage) Step Mother:- ( come nearby Cinderella and put her arm around her) Oh†¦.dear why are you crying†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..? Don’t cry†¦..now we are here for you. He’ll be back soon. (Cinderella smiled bit) Father: (come nearby Cinderella and touched her head) Then, I’m leaving. Please take care (After short silent, he’s leaving stage from right side) (Two sisters were sitting on a bench, on stage) Elder sister: Hey†¦. Cinderella enough of crying†¦. Now come here†¦ Do and set aside our things properly. You understand? Younger sister: Yes, after that bring us tea†¦. (Even that Cinderella was silent at the right Conner on the stage) Elder sister: (Got up from the bench and come near Cinderella and Pulled from her shoulder) Can’t you hear†¦..? Go†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ do what I said. (She was trying to leave the stage with sadness) Step mother: (To Cinderella) Hold it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Can’t you hear Cinderella†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (Came near her and†¦..) We are not hear to pet you†¦ Keep it in your mind. Do what we are telling and don’t let us remind you twice†¦. Understand? Cinderella:- ( Slowly waved her head) Step Mother:- Okay†¦.. Now go bring tea for us. Go†¦.. (Cinderella leaving the stage silently) Step Mother:- ( Turn to her daughters and†¦.. ) We should not pet this lass. Elder Sister:- Yes Yes†¦ She thinks she’s a princess†¦. Hmmm†¦. Younger Sister:- Tell us mother†¦. Aren’t we pretty than her..? Step Mother:- Why not†¦. You two my daughters are the pretty ones. (After short silent) Cinderella†¦. Where are the tea? What are the tea? What are you doing out there†¦.. Still trying to pet by us? (Cinderella enters the stage with the tea) Step Mother:- Where have you been lass? What take this long to prepare tea? Now hurry up†¦ (Cinderella slowly preparing tea†¦. And a voice raised from back stage from back stage) A invitation from royal prince for all the young women for Royal ball ceremony. Today evening at the royal palace, all the young women are welcome by the Prince†¦ Step mother:- Hear that? Younger sister:- yes yes mother†¦.. Can we both also can go†¦.. Isn’t it..? Step Mother:- Yes why not†¦ You both also prettiest ones†¦. Let’s go†¦. Prepared each of yours best cloths.. Go†¦ prepare for the Evening†¦.. (Two daughter’s happily run away from stage) Cinderella:- I also like to be there†¦ Can I go also go the Evening†¦.? Step Mother:- What†¦.? What for you are going†¦? Hm†¦.Do you thinking that you’re pretty to be there..? See..You look like servant†¦ oh†¦ and you are one of.. at this place. Cinderella:- Please mother let me go†¦ Step Mother:- No†¦. You’re not going anywhere†¦ (She pulled Cinderella showing her ill hummer and left the stage) (Cinderella alone at the stage and crying. dropped down to the stage..end of the first act) 2nd act (Background of a room. One side there is a dressing table and two sisters in front of it. They are preparing for the ceremony. Their mother helping them. Cinderella was looking at them sadly) Elder sister:- Mother how is my hair Do you think it enough that I put flowers on my hair? Step mother:- No Its enough.. here.. Put same more powder to your face. Younger sister:- (loudly) Mother. there is a one broken thread come out from my frock.please take it off. Step mom:- Cinderellawhat are you doing.. Dont you have any other work except staring at us. come here and help this child. (Cinderella was silent for a while and come near here younger sister and cut the thread.) Elder sis:- Cinderella.. Where are my slippers. Where.? (She was silent) Where.? Where you kept it? Go. find it I think its in cuberd. (There is coberd corner of the stage, she went there and took those shoes and gave it to his sister.) Elder sis:-   ohh. It is dirty. cant you seeclean it properly. (She is silently doing the work.) Younger sis:- Tell me.how do I lookAm I pretty? Step mom:- YesYou both are pretty my dear daughters. Younger sis:- (while looking at the mirror) Mother. Do you think that prince will like us? Elder sis:- (With angry face) No. prince will like meisnt it mother Myself pretty than her.Isnt it mother Younger sis:- (Giving a hit to her sisters solder) No. I think I am. Step mom:- O kay enough enough. Both of you look pretty Prince will like both of you. (Three of them are fashion their selves. In a dark corner of stage, Cinderella was watching them.) Step mom:- Hurry girls. Time to go Elder sis:- Wait Wait Younger sis: Oh lord Wait.. Step mom: see coach came come hurry up lets go (She led her daughters to the coach. They are leaving the stage. Cinderella was sad and looking around) Cinderella: (Its seems shes sad) Oh I wish that I can be there. (Cinderella is crying. Suddenly the fairy godmother appears to the stage with smoke) Godmother: Oh my dearwhy look very sad.. Cinderella: who are you? Godmother: (came nearby Cinderella) I came here to help youTell me.. Why you look sad? Cinderella: There is a Royal Ball at the royal palace..All the young ladies are going.. (She is thinking) God mother: So Cinderella: So.. My sisters and step mother went there..But they did not allow me to come.. Godmother:-Who? Cinderella: Step mother Godmother: But why..? Cinderella: (sadly) Shes telling that Im ugly. And look like servant. Godmother: (touched Cinderella’s head.) Oh poor I know you are diligent. No Youre the prettiest among them. They just jealous of you. Now. You dont worryIll send you to the ceremony Cinderella: (Surprisely) What.? How? Godmother: Can you bring one pumpkin from your garden..? Cinderella: A pumpkin.? Why.? Godmother: Bring quickly will you. (Cinderella left the stage form right side and come back with the pumpkin.) Godmother: Okkeep it from outside. Cinderella: why is that? Godmother: You do what I said dear (Cinderella took it away and kept outside. she left the stage from right side and came back to the stage.) Cinderella: OkayBut why did you ask me to do that.? Godmother: Just because.. (She was waving her magic staff) Cinderella: (With wondering face) Oh my lord Wow!! A coach wow Its wonderful. lots of horses Godmother: Thats for take you to the palace Cinderella:-For me? Godmother: Yes for you. Cinderella: (Sadly) But. (looking at her dress) Godmother: Why.? Cinderella: My dress is not matching for this occasion†¦ Godmother: Oh my†¦ I almost forgot†¦ wait (Again the fairy godmother waved her magic staff and places it into Cinderella’s hand) Now let’s go to your room†¦ come.. (Cinderella left the stage from left side and again returned back after few minutes†¦ Now she’s well-dressed prettily) Cinderella: (in astonishment happy face) Oh lord, what do I see†¦? A Beautiful dress and shoes for me†¦ you are so kind to me†¦ thank you.. Thank you very much. It’s perfect for me†¦ I’m so happy†¦ Godmother: My pleasure dear†¦ Now hurry up†¦ get into the coach†¦ they will take you to the Royal palace. (While Cinderella running to the coach) Godmother: Oh†¦ wait my dear†¦ Cinderella: Why..? What is it? Godmother: When it’s 12 o’clock you must be at home, dear†¦ Cinderella: But why †¦? Godmother: Otherwise your dress will disappear. Cinderella: (thought a little and) Okay†¦ Now I got it.. It’s clear. I’m leaving†¦ Thank you again for everything. Godmother: Okay my dear†¦ enjoy the Evening†¦ (Cinderella ran away from the stage. Curtain drops. End of the second act) 3rd act (At the King’s ball. The Queen and the King are opening the ball. The musicians are standing behind them with the musical instruments in their hands. When they play and sing the melody â€Å"Brother John† the guests will dance a polonaise.) (Lots of young ladies including Cinderella’s two sisters. They are waiting to move steps to the music) Prince: Minister†¦ did you invite all the young women of our region to the Ball†¦? Minister: Yes my Prince†¦ Prince: Do you think all of them came to the Ball today? Minister: Yes my Prince†¦ I do believe†¦ (From the other side of the stage) Elder Sister: Oh†¦ see the crown Prince.. Younger Sister: yes†¦ wow he looks fabulous†¦ isn’t it†¦? Elder Sister: hmmm (Prince walking around the stage and all the young ladies trying to take his attention) 1 Young Lady: Oh†¦ my dear prince†¦ (Waved her hand to the prince) 2 young Lady: My prince give me a chance to dance with you†¦ Elder Sister: My prince I’m the prettiest among them please take me†¦ (Rendering the royal horns to start the Royal Ball) Queen: (solemnly) the ball is on†¦ please dance and play! (All the young ladies trying to approach the Prince) 3 young Lady: Oh†¦ my prince Please take me take me†¦ 4 young Lady: Prince I’m the best one for you†¦ please choose me.. 5 young Lady: My prince I’ll do whatever you are ordering me to do†¦ please select me†¦ Royal Announcer: Listen†¦ Don’t rush the prince. Prince will select one of you to dance. And the selected one will be the Prince’s spouse. Now calm down†¦ 6 young Lady: please select me my prince (While that one young lady fainted down) Elder sister: My princes please, dance with me†¦ (Prince was laughing to himself) Prince: (secretly) Minister, where did you find these ladies†¦? Minister: Oh†¦ hmm (speechless) (Music and dancing Suddenly Cinderella appears from a corner and the music stops.) Queen: Who is that girl†¦? King: Oh†¦. She looks Beautiful†¦ (Prince was bored finding a girl to dance and suddenly Cinderella caught his eyes) Prince: Minister†¦ who is she She looks charming†¦ so elegant†¦ Minister: yes my price†¦ Ask her to dance with you.. Cinderella: (to herself) Oh.. It’s already begun†¦ (All the other young ladies are staring at Cinderella) Minister: Welcome to the Royal Ball†¦ come join with us†¦ Cinderella: Oh Thank you very much†¦ I thought I’m too late. (All the other young ladies are trying to approach the prince, but prince walk near Cinderella) Elder sister: Where she came from†¦? Younger sister: (irritated) I don’t know†¦ who is that? 1 young Lady: It seems prince going to select her†¦ 2 young Lady: Oh no†¦ (Prince was looking at Cinderella†¦ and she noticed that. She got blushed and turns her face to ground) Prince: Don’t be shy†¦ your fair face became blushed†¦ why†¦? Don’t you like to dance with me? Cinderella: No nothing like that†¦ Prince: Then what is it†¦? Cinderella: (Turned her head to ground with shyly) 1 Young Lady: (Irritated) She’s too much†¦ she’s giggling with the prince.. 2 Young Lady: Yes†¦ she’s trying to taming the prince†¦ Elder sister: Why the prince going to dance with her†¦ aren’t we also pretty†¦? Younger sister: true that†¦ Other Young ladies: (all buzzing together) hmmm†¦ Prince: May I dance with you†¦? What you say†¦? (Cinderella silently gave her hand to the prince) Prince: (with happy face) Let’s start†¦ (The prince and Cinderella started dancing polonaise to the music. They are moving their steps to the melody, romantically†¦ Other Men, Women are also dancing to the music) Prince: (looking at Cinderella’s face) what is your name†¦? Cinderella: Cinderella. Prince: Hmm†¦ it’s perfectly fits for such a pretty young woman like you†¦ Where do you live†¦? Cinderella: (shyly) in the same city†¦ Prince: -why are you shy†¦? Don’t look away†¦ (Prince moved her chin upwards) Look at me†¦ (She was very much blushed and again looked away) Elder sister: She’s trying to own the prince†¦ 1 Young Lady: I think prince also fell into her witchy spell†¦ Elder sister: Where did this witch came from†¦? 2 young Lady: But she’s so pretty†¦ Elder sister: I don’t think so†¦ 3 young Lady: You just jealous with her†¦ Elder sister: (Irritated) No†¦ She isn’t pretty†¦ that’s her witchy looks†¦ (The prince and Cinderella dancing perfectly to the music, also the prince trying to get Cinderella’s eye contact, but she’s still blushing) Prince: You are a dream of my heart now (Music again, they dance. Suddenly the music stops again, they dance. Suddenly the clock strikes 12 times.) Cinderella: It’s 12 o’clock and I have to run. Good-bye, I really had a great fun! (Her dress will disappear†¦ came to her mind†¦ Swiftly left prince hand and started to run impatiently.) Prince: (Astonished face) Cinderella†¦. What happened†¦? (She was like nowhere and ran away from the stage didn’t even answer the prince. While she was running dropped her one of shoes) Prince: (to himself) I cannot figure out†¦ what happened to her†¦ why she left me†¦ (Al the guests are buzzing about what happened) Prince: (falls on one knee) where have you run, the dream of my life†¦? I want to dance with you all night†¦ (He picks up the lost shoe and looks at it. End of the Third act) 4th act (Background of the King’s palace†¦ Prince was sitting on a chair, Cinderella’s shoe in his hand. It seems he’s still thinks about her) Minister: Oh†¦ Look at this†¦ he looks very sad about that incident†¦ May be of that pretty lady†¦ (to himself) I should talk to him†¦ My dear prince you didn’t have your meals properly†¦ What happened to you†¦? Why you look so sad†¦? Prince: (fetch a sigh) I want to find the owner of this shoe†¦ Cinderella†¦ Oh†¦ why she left me like that†¦ Minister: Oh†¦ My dear prince you fell in love with her†¦ Prince: (in a low voice) yes†¦ Minister: (to himself) hmmm†¦ So I have to find her†¦ Prince: Minister†¦ Minister: Yes my dear price†¦ Prince: We have to find her†¦ Because she’s the one who stole my heart. Minister: But how.. My dear prince†¦ There’re thousands of girls in our region†¦ Not only that there will be many girls named Cinderella†¦ Isn’t it my dear prince†¦ Prince: But she’s the one†¦ I need her†¦ It won’t be that difficult. Let’s try†¦ Minister: Hmmm.. (to himself) also won’t be easy†¦ Prince: (suddenly something came to prince’s mind†¦) Minister†¦ Take this shoe to each and every house and check who fits it perfectly†¦ I think we can find her†¦ take her to me†¦ Minister: Hmmm†¦ Okay my dear prince will try†¦ (Prince leaving the stage with lots of hopes and believability in his face†¦ End of the Fourth act) 5th act (Minister entering to the stage with his solders) Minister: This is impossible†¦ How it can be possible†¦ I think this prince is out of his mind†¦ But I’ve to answer him†¦ And he’s expecting a possible answer†¦ we searched half of the city†¦ (Turned to his solders) We’ve no any other option except searching more†¦ Let’s go One of solders: Minister didn’t search this part yet†¦ Minister: Okay then let’s search that way†¦ (The minister and solders are leaving the stage from Right side. Step mother and two sister’s approaches to the stage†¦) (The stepsisters and stepmother are talking. Cinderella is sitting aside, knitting something.) Elder sister: Mother it was a fantastic evening†¦ everything was perfect†¦ Younger sister: What use of that†¦ Step mother: WhyHow was the prince Heard that he’s the handsomest young man in the country†¦ Younger sister: Yes he was†¦ I couldn’t take my eye on him†¦ he’s that dashing†¦ Elder sister: I noticed that once he was looking at me†¦ Younger sister: No way†¦ He didn’t even notice you†¦ He smiled at me†¦ Elder sister: No he looked at me also†¦ (While the discussion Cinderella brought tea for them) Step mom: Oh.. Tea.. Keep it here and leave†¦ (Cinderella gave them tea and went to a corner of the stage and sat down on a bench and started thinking) Step mother: Tell me more†¦ what happened there†¦? Younger sister: What use of telling mother†¦ Step mother: why what happened? Elder sister: The prince was secretly looking at me†¦ but, suddenly one girl came into the Ball and destroyed everything†¦ Younger sister: His attention to me lost by that girl’s arrival†¦ (Sadly) But she’s pretty†¦ Elder sister: Not that pretty†¦ Younger sister: No†¦ she was the prettiest one among all of us†¦ So prince liked her in first sight†¦ Step mother: What†¦ (It seems Cinderella is still thinking) Elder sister: Yes mother†¦ Prince madly liked her†¦ Younger sister: He didn’t even look at us after her arrival†¦ Step mother: Then†¦? Younger sister: (sadly) He only danced with her†¦ Elder sister: Yes†¦ there were many good looking pretty ladies but he didn’t even pay attention to them†¦ (Cinderella was looking at them) Elder sister: Hey Cinderella†¦ what you are looking at†¦ Younger sister: I think she’s spying us†¦ listening to what we are talking†¦ Elder sister: Hey†¦ come here†¦ tell us what were u doing†¦? (Cinderella was silent and turned her head to ground) Cinderella: Nothing†¦ Step mother: Listen.. Listen†¦ someone is calling from outside†¦ Elder and Younger sisters together: Heralds from the Kings Palace†¦ Oh†¦ and Father†¦ Stepmother: But where are these heralds going..? (Heralds, the minister with his two solders enter the room accompanied by Cinderella’s father.) Minister: Please, try on this glass shoe. (Looking through the long list) We know you were at the ball. Elder sister: (trying the shoe on) oh†¦ It’s too small. This isn’t mine†¦ Younger sister: It’s small for me, too. What is the purpose of doing this†¦? Father: But look at my first daughter She has small feet†¦ Her name is Cinderella†¦ May be she’ll fit this.. O’†¦Cinderella†¦ Come here, my dear please take it and try it out will see whether it fits you or not.. (Gives her the shoe†¦ Cinderella was little scared and surprised) Father: Don’t worry dear†¦just try it out†¦ Step mother: But she didn’t go to the ball. She is Cinderella and that is all†¦ I don’t think that it’ll fit Cinderella†¦ Minister: Let’s see after she put it†¦ Cinderella: I want to try it on, Mother†¦. Besides, I’ve got another one of these†¦ (And suddenly she takes the other shoe out of the pocket in her apron) Elder sister: You were that wonderful pretty lady, I see now only I got the picture†¦ Oh†¦, Cinderella, pardon me. Younger sister: And me†¦ Step mother: And me†¦ Father: I knew it†¦ I knew it that one day you will be shine among all of them†¦ Oh†¦ Cinderella†¦ Best wishes to you, my dear daughter. Cinderella: Oh†¦ Father†¦ I love you†¦ Father: My dear you made your mother proud†¦ Even may be I wasn’t a perfect father for you†¦ Pardon me, too. I love you the most†¦ (Her father was crying and shading his tears) Father: But what could I do? Cinderella: No don’t say like that, father†¦ you were the only kindness to me†¦ don’t worry†¦ I am so happy today. Don’t cry father please Minister: Prince is desperately waiting for you dear†¦ you’ve to come with us now†¦ Cinderella: I forgive all of you. I didn’t mind anything. Good-bye father†¦ Good-bye all.. I’ve to go now! Minister: Be quick, let’s go†¦ He’s dying to see you. (All wave her good-bye. Cinderella leaves the room after the Minister and his two solders, also waving her hand.) The end.

Implications of the Internet – moral, social and commercial disadvantages of the Internet

Pornography – although pornography itself dates back hundreds of decades, the mass media availability of pornography is rather modern; however, Internet pornography evokes various problems. Online pornography is so popular partly due to the level of anonymity it offers as certain individuals can use this privacy to hide their dubious activities. For example: * A married man could be unsatisfied with his sex life, however rather than tell his wife, he can anonymously achieve sexual gratification without his wife discovering his dissatisfaction through pornography via the Internet. * Alternatively, online pornography can be a teaching tool to the likes of teenagers who do not have the confidence to ask others about sex – nonetheless as the vast majority of pornography is edited in ridiculous ways, e.g. making certain assets bigger, this can be more hindering than helpful * However, the biggest problem with anonymity is PAEDOPHILES! Disgusting individuals can use technology and the Internet to conceal their illegal activities and therefore massive child pornography rings exist – nevertheless it is incredibly hard to prevent such actions as no one really owns the Internet, as it is an international free network, so centralised control cannot be implemented to censor such filth The Internet also offers an astonishing amount of various explicit materials for very cheap costs and psychologists believe that the concept of ‘too much of a good thing' leads to a serious addiction to online pornography. Potentially, this addiction can cause problems in other aspects of life e.g. careers, family relations, friendships and issues with ones self-esteem. Read also Twitter Case Study Of course, when morally speaking there are the typical issues concerning pornography that it is exploitative in nature. Many argue that pornography teaches people to view others as objects of lust rather than someone with feelings and unique personality traits. Consequently the threat of harming the way in which we view others increases as the Internet has made pornography much easier to consume in large quantities. Alternatively, many view the claim that pornography makes people view others as ‘sex objects' slander, saying that very few are actually affected in this way and in fact most consumers are well-adjusted individuals. For example, they assert that an increase in high levels of online pornography has not increased any country's rape or domestic violence levels. Another issue to discuss is that thousands of people below the legal age are able to access pornography on the Internet. Contrast to stores where you can prove your age, online you simple ‘agree' you are above the legal (18 in most countries) and so many youngsters are viewing explicit material illegally, which in some ways, if rather graphic and serious alter ones outlook. [1] Chat rooms – it is indisputable that chat rooms have revolutionized social communication way before social networking sites such as Facebook or Twitter. People across the globe can escape the burdening aspects of life's reality to hang out online typing away to online friends, participating in random theme-based discussions. However, the widespread use of the chat rooms has brought a certain level of threats and dangers to users. Read also Recording General Fund Operating Budget and Operating Transactions * Online Threats / Illegal Activities – Cyber criminals, drug dealers and other unsocial individuals lurk in chat rooms to lure in unsuspecting victims, as well as the willing, to participate in various illegal activities. Once done so, participants are left vulnerable to police enquires and could even be arrested for their crimes. * Example: An advance-fee fraud such as the Nigerian Letter, also known as 419 fraud, is a type of scam where victims are convinced that someone is stranded in a country – Nigeria – and that they cannot get their passport back until certain bills are paid. Therefore, vulnerable people are targeted, in some cases through chat rooms, and are then contacted via email to ask for help. A 2006 BBC article stated that at the time this â€Å"style of incidents alone cost the UK economy à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½150m a year – with the average victim losing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½31,000†. * Paedophile Predators – The greatest threat of chat rooms in my opinion is the presence of paedophiles, online stalkers and other repulsive predators constantly looking for ways to exploit the vulnerabilities of pre-teens and young teens. * Example: Recently in Australia, (June 2011) an alleged US predator Stephen Vosilla was arrested for â€Å"going into video chat rooms and talking to minors and convincing them to take their clothes off or do sexual acts and he was recording and taking screen captures of what they were doing.† (As said by Morristown Detective Michael O'Keefe) * Harmful Addiction – Addiction to chat rooms can cause users to spend hours on different forum at the cost of other life activities. Human behavioural scientists and clinical psychologists have even considered chat room addiction to be almost as damaging as alcohol or drug addiction on the human psyche and health. * Hacking Threats – Too much time spent on chat rooms can also lead to the possibility of your computer being hacked by the universal threats of semi-automatic spyware, adware and various human-related viruses, or even receiving spam emails via your chat room accounts * Social Disengagement – Spending hours online in chat rooms can ruin your interaction with people in the real world. Becoming too familiar with online-only friends can leave you detached from outside relationships and make you incredibly social awkward. Therefore, not only personal hindering your life, but this can make getting and holding down a job very difficult. Social Dominance of the English Language Some argue that the exponential growth of the Internet has caused considerable damage to language: * Firstly, language usage and written proficiency is gradually deteriorating with online ‘slang' ruining the need for correct spelling and good grammar. * Secondly, the Internet threatens national borders through the apparent foreign influence and hegemony. * Thirdly, the Internet threatens to oppress the language of linguistic minorities and the linguistic identity of minor communities and nations. Although across the globe there are more native speakers of Chinese, Spanish or Hindi, it is English that they use to communicate across cultures, and it is English they teach their children to help them become citizens of an increasingly intertwined world. Ultimately, it could be argued that English is the ‘lingua franca' on the Internet (and in the world). Although one widely quoted figure stated that 80% of online content is in English, other sources argue showing figures 5 to 15% lower. However, it is evident that well over 50% of the Internet's information is in the English Language; hence overall English does dominate the Internets data. Historically the English dominance on the Internet is understandable as the Internet was basically developed in America, therefore naturally the Internet predominantly spread in the other English-speaking countries of the world. Nevertheless, many have bitter views of the Internet due to the English language: * The director of a Russia Internet service provider has at one point referred to the Internet as â€Å"the ultimate act of intellectual colonialism.† * Former French President Jacques Chirac was far more apocalyptic stating that the prevalence of English on the Internet is a â€Å"major risk for humanity,† which threatens to impose linguistic and cultural uniformity on the world – and as a result the French government inflicted a mandate that all Web sites in France must provide their content in French. Alternatively, there are some positive aspects of the Internet when concerning language. People in foreign countries can now access online versions of nearly any resource, so if French speakers in non-Francophone regions wish to read the French newspaper they can do so thanks to the Internet. People unable to speak English are provided with search engines in their own language, in 2008 Google owned around 800 domains, here's just a few: * www.google.com (USA) * www.google.co.uk (UK) * www.google.com.af/ (Afghanistan) * www.google.cn/ (China) * http://www.google.com.ng/ (Nigeria) Whatever country you are in Google will provide the best results in your spoken language; therefore even if you cannot speak English, you can still search the Internet. More importantly, online users can now get remote access to government information, educational materials, scientific journals, and, ultimately, the digitized collections of the major national libraries in an array of languages, enhancing learning capabilities. Of course the Internet cannot prevent the global dominance of the English language but it does provide the opportunities to communicate with other members of geographically dispersed communities. Today more than 100 different languages are used in discussion groups, including not just the major national languages but Catalan, Gaelic, Navaho and Welsh, among so many others. People now have the opportunity to speak in their native tongue with others all other the world who before could only talk in Welsh or Yiddish with older relatives. Therefore, despite the indisputable dominance of the English language the Internet provides so many opportunities for other language speakers. Web Addiction Due to the constant use of the Internet in today's society, such as using emails relentless at work or video conferencing with business partners or teenagers spending ridiculous amounts of time online for social networking, the possibility of becoming an addict is highly likely. There have been several cases of people being addicted to the Internet features such as chat rooms, or to certain websites, such as eBay. Like any addiction, Internet addiction must be taken very seriously as resulting financial and social problems can sincerely destroy people. Case Study: China In China Internet addiction is treated as a mental illness and sufferers are sent to military-style training camps where severe discipline ensues in order to rehabilitate. It was been estimated that up to 10% of China's millions of web users could actually be addicts and as a result the Chinese government shut down almost 2,000 Internet cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s in 2001 because of the concerns over the influence of the countries teenagers. As of yet there is no proven way to treat the addiction, however in July 2009 China's Ministry of Health formally banned the use of electroshock therapy. An incident concerning one of the Internet addiction training camps happened in august 2009 at Qihang Salvation in China. A 15-year-old boy called Deng Senshan was sent by his father to receive ‘treatment', nonetheless, within less than 24 hours of being their Deng was out in solitary confinement and horrendously beaten. Deng was later found vomiting and was then taken to a clinic however, having received such brutal injuries (marks were found on his body), Deng unfortunately died. Of course this is an extreme case, but the fact that China has taken such extreme measures emphasises how serious the increase of Internet addiction is becoming. Society will not be able to function properly if our people are addicted to the web and therefore, this serious problem of a need to be online must be stopped before other countries start following China's inhumane methods. Commercial – The concerns with e-Commerce The past decade has shown a revolutionary increase in business transactions online, however despite e-commerce modernizing the world of business, the developments have also brought along an array of problems. * Privacy and Security issues: Privacy of personal information is a highly significant issue for consumers. Each legal jurisdiction has varying laws when concerning consumer privacy, and as a result there are different levels of enforcement. The vast majority of consumers wish to avoid spam and telemarketing that comes with supplying contact information to an online merchant and therefore many merchants promise to not share consumer details for these purposes, or they provide options to ‘pot-out' of such contacts. Many websites, like Amazon.com, track consumer purchases in order to suggest other items or websites for the customers to view. Although this can be a useful service, however, if this was done across companies this could be viewed as an infringement of privacy. The biggest security risk with shopping online is someone obtaining your credit / debit card details and then running up huge bills, spending your money. Although today secure payment methods are many and varied, there are still risks of hackers and malicious software's obtaining such information. Online merchants need to have high security as hackers many try to illegal breach the software to obtain all the personal details of consumers to not only use their credit cards but also open up new accounts in their names. The old clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½: ‘If something sounds too good to be true, it usually is' becomes highly relevant with credit card fraud. Ridiculous bargains and suspicious looking sites should be treated with vast caution, as these could be a front for stealing credit card details. * Products: Misinterpretation and misunderstanding of items bought online is a common problem nowadays, hence a problem with online shopping is that you are unable to physically see and touch the item before purchase: for instance, Items can be of poor quality or items may differ significantly from the description given or clothes cannot be tried on or tested. * Delivery and Returns: Waiting for you items to arrive can be in some cases frustrating. Once your order has been placed, you have to wait for ‘processing' and finally when it is ‘dispatched' you have to wait for the courier or postman to delivery it. By the time you actually received your item the ‘thrill' of shopping is practically gone. Furthermore, there are risks of the item never arriving as it can get lost or stolen, or the couriers could damage your package. Both resulting in a series of extensive phone calls to resolve the problems. Moreover, although some sites may offer free shipping, many only offer free delivery if your spent over a certain amount, meaning buying ‘cheap' items is pointless as you end up paying more. Buying items that you need immediately is a problem, unless you pay extra costs for ‘next day delivery', which can be substantially high. Additionally, if you decide to return your item, this requires even more phone calls or emailing and you could als o be charged for the shipping back costs. Diminishing physical stores – better deals online Another significant problem when concerning commerce is the Internet has diminished the value of certain ‘brick and mortar' stores, and combined with the current economic climate, has resulted in numerous chain stores having to shut down, such as Woolworths, Jane Norman and TJ Hughes. In October 2010, over 89% of people had reported that they shopped online and Verdict Research experts estimate that by 2014 online shopping spending will grow by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14 billion (61%) – in 2008 people already spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14.7bn online. [18] The increase use of online stores like Amazon, which allows individuals to find goods at the lowest price, means people are benefiting from the so-called â€Å"flight to value†. In todays economic climate average people can no longer afford to go out on a massive shopping spree and instead stay at home surfing online for a bargain. However, another factor of the Internet that diminished the value of stores like HMV is the ability to illegal download music, movies and TV shows. People can no longer afford to buy their favourite songs or films and therefore resort to illegal download them from various websites via the likes of torrents. Hence, HMV is now going through tough times, being very close to closure, if it weren't for a Russian investor.

Native American Story Telling Essay

Story telling was the heart of Native American culture. The way natives executed everyday tasks and their way of thinking came from what they heard as children from stories that were passed through multiple generations. When White Settlers started tearing tribe by tribe apart and claiming Native American land as their own, a dwindling effect on the rich Native’s culture became noticeable. The sense of unity they once knew so well was becoming an unknown aspect which ultimately left each individual shattered because they were so used to being and acting like one whole. Storytelling became a sort of glue that united and healed the damage done by the White Settlers. Already being the basic guidelines that each Native survived on, stories became even more valued because they were the things that kept the culture from becoming extinct. Storytelling re-taught the natives the way their ancestors taught and spoke, how their surroundings came to be and how to live a good, pious life. It was how they so eagerly grasped for sanity when they were basically stripped from all rights they had from the Colonials. Native American storytelling incorporates many themes and structures, some more evident that others, such as poetic writing styles that include morals, and an explanation of how the world came to be. Morals were a crucial factor why ancestors passed stories down to their offspring, other than just for enjoyment. They incorporated what they thought were major principals of living or not living a good life into stories by writing them in between the lines. A little child that was listening to an elder recalling a story might be listening for the mere amusement but also leaving with a lesson learned. In â€Å"The Sky Tree† from the Huron- Eastern Woodland tradition, the extremes the wife of the old man goes through to save her husband is definitely admirable, regardless if the story is true or not. The moral of trying to do all you can to save a loved one can be taken from this tale. This concept of Native American stories having morals is also found in â€Å"Coyote Finishes His Work† from the Nez Perce tradition. After reading the overly confident coyote correcting the wrongs on earth and then getting punished for his mischief, one can take away the lesson of being humble and not abuse power no matter how capable you are. These texts that heavily included morals helped remind the Natives how to repair and establish a meaningful life, even after being influenced by the White Men. As the Native’s became unsure of how the world even worked anymore when seeing the odd lifestyle of the Whites, storytelling reminded the way their ancestors explained their surroundings. The simplest aspects of life, like how a turtle got its shell, was explained in Native American stories. As said in â€Å"The Sky Tree†, the turtle got its shell when telling all the animals to dive down into a deep pit in order to save the wife of the old man and bring up the soil and place it on his back. This simple explanation showed the thought process of the oldest Native’s and helped bring a sense of unity among the broken ones. Broader ideas, such as how the world came to be, were also included in these tales. According to â€Å"Coyote Finishes His Work†, the coyote gave people names, taught them languages and how to hunt. Some way or another, humans learned how to these perform basic tasks. Native Americans explained how their people achieved these tasks by claiming The Coyote taught them. This concept was easier to take in rather than the Theory of Evolution, especially in an era where science was less developed. Creating stories of how the world worked when confused was what the Native Americans did best. Imagining how utterly lost the Natives were when the colonials came, one can assume that more stories were created. Stories of how strange men with snow skin must have calmed the nerves of scared Indians and settled the uproar. It is human nature to become less agitated of an unknown idea if an explanation was given. In this case, Native Americans produced hundreds of stories so that their people could live in peace without having to consistently question everything in existence. Incorporating basic ideas of how the world functions and principals of being a generally good person in Native American storytelling influenced how Natives lived and perceived the world around them. Without these stories the Indians would have no sense of culture to latch on to as settlers tried to change their ways. Each significant society of people throughout the years had some sort of guidelines on which their people believed. Egyptians having their stories written in hieroglyphics which were carved into walls to Christians having their fundamentals in the Bible. Aside from being the rules people acted upon, maybe each civilization came up with their perspective on life to authenticate their establishments. Whatever the reasoning was behind storytelling, Native Americans definitely did not exclude that factor in their culture. Storytelling was their culture.

The History of Quilting essays

The History of Quilting essays The History of Quilting A quilt is a warm bedcovering made of three layers: top, padding, and backing. Quilting is an ancient craft that has been the subject of many changes of use over the centuries. In the 1600s many people who lived in Europe left their homes and sailed away to America to start a new life. They lived in small settlements called colonies. By 1700, Great Britain controlled a string of colonies along the eastern coast of what is today the United States. The people in the colonies needed food, shelter and clothing. There were no stores or supplies in the wilderness, so the colonists had to bring with them everything they needed to begin life in their land. Among the many things that were brought, quilts were one of the most useful. Quilting started as a form of warmth and protection, but later developed as an art form of decoration. Quilted fabrics have been used for protective armor, warm clothing, warm bedding, and just pure decoration. Quilts were out to all manner of uses: tents, bedcovers, mattresses, doors, windows, flooring, and protection for precious crops (Bail 10). Quilts were also used to keep familys valuables from breaking during the bumpy wagon ride west. The quilts also served as cushions and beds for the weary travelers (Morgan 6). Settlers took many quilts with them because winters were often cold and stormy. Quilting slowly started to become a big social activity which was one of few opportunities many women had to enjoy a productive break from their every day chores. Much has been recorded of quilting bees where woman worked together, but it would be wrong to think that this was the only way in which quilts were made (Chainey 21). The majority of quilts on both sides of the Atlantic were the work of many women and their close family. After 1875 a new bedcovering-the Marcella or Marseilles quilt- ...

The Evolution of Childrearing Essay Sample

The Evolution of Childrearing Essay Sample Raising Children Past and Present Sociology Essay Example Raising Children Past and Present Sociology Essay Example The family is an important building block of any society and it is formed repetitively over the years. Therefore, marriage plays an important part in the society as it brings forth children that enlarge the family. Families are different, but they normally experience similar issues. Issues in marriages play an important part in facilitating family issues and at times affect the children. The Evolution of Childrearing However, over centuries the raising of children have changed due to the changing times and beliefs in families. Children raised 50 years ago have a different experience from those children raised in today’s world. For this essay, I choose to raise children in the past and present because I have a 17-month-old nephew that I take care of. He has a mother and father, but spends much time at our house. Historically, children are an important part of the society as they are inheritors and leaders of the tomorrow’s world. They also offer help to their parents during their old age; therefore, they should be raised well to fulfill these duties. Marriage in the older days was an important rite of passage as it was seen as a way of procreating by giving rise to new members in the family. Separation of parents was, therefore, discouraged even when other wives were married; thus, divorce cases were low. Mothers normally stayed at home raising the kids, thus spending a lot of time teaching them moral values and shaping their lives. Today, marriage is not perceived as a means of companionship where couples can stay in a marriage without having children. Some even opt to adopt children and raise them as their own. Children are also raised by same-sex parents due to the acceptability of the same-sex marriages, which was not present in the past. In same-sex parents, children lack either a male figure or a female figure in their lives, which is important when growing up as they offer different pieces of advice and bonds. Divorce rates are also high and the most affected people are children who are affected psychologically by parent separation. Single parenthood has forced parents to spend less time with their children since they are always busy, working to meet needs of the family. Consequently, children are normally lonely, lack enough parental love, grow with a lot of frustration, and may be violent in future. The conflict between parents is the other problem that exists in today’s marriages and is mainly c aused by alcoholism or substance abuse and financial issues. Theoretical Perspectives Conflict Theory The Conflict Theory is the best theoretical perspective that fits to explain family issues that exist in raising children in the past and present. The theory explains that aspects such as huge economic pressures on individual personality and social structure are the source of conflicts in marriages. Conflict is inevitable among two people in a marriage relationship when they are unstable economically as needs of the family need to be met. When there are disagreements about how these needs should be met, conflicts arise that destroy peace in the family. The Conflict Theory also describes that social structures are susceptible to constant change and erosion. Change in the social structure is pervasive as conflicts are inherent in any relationship. According to conflict management approaches, conflict is also viewed as inherent and inevitable in people’s present small groups. As they live together and share almost everything, people are likely to disagree and some may change their system of personal relationship. Conflicts are caused by the disparity in the way social power is distributed in a marriage. The powerful tend to garner the most shares of scarce resources to themselves, leading to a confrontation with the oppressed party, and normally conflicts arise. These conflicts end up hurting children psychologically and can develop mental disorders and depression. The theory assumes that in the social world the self-centered individual operates to increase his or her rewards in a competitive world. It defines these assumptions by outlining various natures of human beings that lead to conflicts. Human beings are self-inclined and oriented when pursuing their interest at the expense of the other party. They are also a symbol of consuming or producing creatures and their environment complements their needs The conflict theory also assumes that human societies have organized systems that can make human survive and predict outcomes. It also assumes that the societies operate in conditions with limited resources and everyone strives to get a piece of it. Additionally, constant confrontations within the society help in facilitating social change and growth. Changes occur when conflicts are resolved and some may not be good for the children’s growth. Some of the solutions that come with solving conflicts include divorce or separation and may lead to engagement of alcoholism to relieve pain and frustrations. Such parents can be violent to children. The Structure-Functional Theory The structure-functional theory perceives family as a social institution, which performs important functions in the society and shapes behavior of children. Every family has certain values, norms, beliefs, and attitudes that individuals need to meet to survive. Therefore, children in the family need to live by values and norms of the family to avoid punishments. The theory describes that in traditional societies the structure of the family was extended with kinship groups. This type of family included grandparents, parents, children, cousins, aunts, uncles, and other relatives. These family members performed functions such as economic production, training, maintaining social order, and protecting family members. In modern or today’s society, the structure of the family is a nuclear family that consists of father, mother, and children. This type of family has lost functions performed by other members of the extended family such as instilling moral values even in the absence of parents. Economic production is not at home anymore, but in shops, companies, or factories. Police, healthcare providers, juvenile authorities, and fire department maintain and provide social order and protection. Schools and technical institutions provide training to children, showing how supportive role of family members is absent in today’s society. However, the theory describes important functions family has in raising responsible children. It describes family’s role in providing economic and emotional security. The society needs trained people who can raise children properly. Today, parents leave the child-rearing task to grandparents, as well as new-married or divorced parents. Parents should also provide basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing to children. Emotional security through provision of affection, companionship, and support during stressful times should be provided to children by the parents of guardians. Additionally, providing a home without conflicts and exposure to substance abuse gives children emotional security. Is Family Changing? Why or Why Not? Families have changed over the centuries due to the effect of developmental idealism that changes values and beliefs of people and brings cultural clashes in the community. Developmental idealism is the value and belief system that states that modern familial and societal attributes are better than traditional attributes (Thornton, 2001). This is because modern societies facilitate production of modern families that promote the attainment of modern societies and equality and freedom of human rights. Distribution of developmental idealism internationally and clashes with local traditions change social systems and lives. It has influenced development of international treaties on human rights that focus on women and children in modernization programs that eliminate female veiling and polygamy and spread low fertility, gender equality, delayed marriages, and right to choose a partner (Thornton, 2001). For instance, the short stay of Europeans in America during the colonization period made Native Americans capable of speaking the European language. Therefore, as Christians, Europeans were able to spread their gospel to the appropriate family attributes like monogamy and marriages at the appropriate age, leading to restriction of polygamy and young marriage in America. Africa colonization by Europeans also turned many Africans into Christians and was able to transform their norms and values. Additionally, it has also influenced personal freedom in regards to divorce, childbearing and childrearing outside marriage, and sexual relations. This freedom was emphasized during the French revolution that advocated for equality, fraternity, and freedom. Towards the end of the 18th century, France passed divorce laws and reforms on equal inheritance (Thornton, 2001). During the American Revolution, equality and freedom were also emphasized and divorce laws were permanently eased. After World War II, divorce was permissive, increasing divorce rates that increased single parenthood in America. Many divorced people have also ended up remarrying, increasing the population of people who are in reformed families. Same-sex marriages have also been accepted by various countries. During the past few decades, governments have been supporting same-sex relationships, especially in the United States. Through the principles of equality and freedom, people in same-sex relations have been also given the freedom to sexual orientation. The act has been therefore legalized and lesbians and gays have become open concerning their sexual orientations; thus, they are now accepted in the society. Legalization of lesbian and gay relations also occurs in other countries such as India. The highest court has ruled against the prohibition of same-sex relations and said that prohibiting it violates the principle of liberty and equality. Canada has also legalized same-sex marriages. Many children are now raised in families with parents of the same sex. Although, these parents can provide better education and all the basic needs of these children, children need both parents for better growth. For instance, boys need male figures to help teach masculine tactics needed to solve life problems. Besides, a male figure helps make the boy be tough and have strong manly personality. Therefore, a boy being raised by lesbian parents may lack such opportunity. Developmental idealism has been spread by various mechanisms. They include Christian missionaries, colonialism, government policies, mass media, education, foreign aid programs, international, national, and non-governmental organizations, and international conventions and treaties. Messages of developmental idealism spread fast because the persuasiveness of the idea is attained through the use of legal sanctions and financial incentives by powerful non-governmental and governmental organizations. Consequently, they have positively and negatively affected marriages and families. Methods of raising children have also changed with some coping with these changes by growing up in the course of a normal life. Some children have not been able to cope with the changes and have ended up living a frustrated life because they lack attention, love, and emotional security fueled by the fact that parents are ever busy working. Similarities and Differences between the Past and the Present The issue of child-rearing has been discussed over the years by individuals all around the world. With the ever-changing world, children have been raised in different social and cultural settings, which have affected their up-bringing. Thus, there have been changes in the way children have been raised from past periods and this is attributable to changes that continually occur in the society, changes in the family structure, and changes in children themselves. In the past, children were raised and viewed as â€Å"economic assets† who could provide labor in whichever activities the family engaged in for survival. For instance, children took part in running their farms, learning the family trade, and doing household chores that were mainly done by girls. Thus, children had a role to play in the family from their early upbringing; they knew they had to perform various duties as it was expected by family. However, this form of child rearing is very different in the modern era. A look into the modern American families shows that children are pampered and many do not take part in household chores. Thus, children are not raised with the intention of seeing them as â€Å"economic assets† and child labor is rarely heard of in the modern society. In fact, parents hire nannies to raise their children, depending on their financial capabilities, to ensure that their children do not take part in household chores and are well taken care of in their absence. This is more so with rich parents who aim at ensuring that their children have the best that life can offer and, instead of having them do any cumbersome chores, they would rather pay for exquisite holiday vacations to enjoy. Thus, a modern child has been raised being pampered and provided for and many look up to their parents for their daily up-keep unlike in the past where they were raised to be independent and fend for themselves. Another distinction in past and modern era of how children were raised relates to the issue of authority and approval. Whereas in the past children yearned to seek their parents’ approval in various matters, the reverse is true in the modern society. In the past, children were raised in strict family settings where they had to obey the rules and seek approval of their parents in various matters. However, the modern era has seen children being raised in families where authority is wanting and in many cases parents aim at seeking the approval of their children. Many are the instances when children are seen to throw tantrums and even objurgate their parents for not having done something to their liking. Mothers in many single-parent situations are usually stressed out in raising their children as children have reversed roles and dictate how they want to be raised by telling them what they want to eat, wear, or even which schools they want to attend. This brings in the issue of discipline, which is very predominant in the societal setting. In the modern society, children lack discipline as compared to children raised in the past. As a result of the pampering that they receive from their parents, children raised in the modern era take this to their advantage and engage in wanton behavior. This can be attributed to the fact that the modern parent has raised the child to be autonomous; thus, the freedom that the parent gives the child has become misguided. Unlike in the past when children were raised without much freedom being accorded to them, the modern society lauds the freedom of the child and aims at giving them a sense of autonomy and freedom to voice out their issues. As a result of this, children are raised with the perception that what they do is up to them as they alone will face the consequences of their actions. Thus, taking this autonomous concept that they have been raised in to their advantage, indiscipline arises as they defend their actions on the basis that they have the freedom to do as they please. In addition, because of this â€Å"autonomous† concept, the modern era has seen the rise of teenage engagement in drug and alcohol, early teenage pregnancies ,and violent crimes. Hence, freedom and autonomy with which modern children are raised in has seen the rise of youth delinquency in the society, which unfortunately has become the norm. The disintegration of the family and the rising rates of divorce cases have seen the disruption of the normal family structure, i.e. father, mother, and children. In the modern society, children are raised in single-parent families that may consist of a mother alone or a father alone. As a result of the ever-increasing rates of divorce in the modern society, children have no choice but to be raised by one parent who takes care of them. Thus, the cohesion that was once in the family is destroyed and divorce takes root. In the past, cases of divorce were scarce and children had the privilege of being raised in full family units where both father and mother were present. The increasing number of working mothers has also contributed to a difference in the way children are raised. In the past, mothers were central in raising their children and many were stay-at-home mothers who took care of the house, while the father took up the duty of fending for the family. Thus, mothers were present in their children’s lives and upbringing. However, with the rise of equality in the society, there has been a rise in the number of working mothers in the modern era and children are raised and taken care of either by their nannies or extended families. However, for the majority of people the cost of day care tends to be too high and, thus, many opt to leave their children at the care of their grandparents, close relatives, or friends who offer to watch over the children for a certain period before the arrival of parents from work. Unlike in the past where fathers were the sole breadwinners of the family, the modern society has also seen the rise of stay-at-home fathers while their spouses go to work. Hence, in the modern era children also tend to be raised by their fathers, while their mothers act as the sole breadwinner of the family. The advancement of technology has also played a role in the way children are raised in the modern society as compared to the past. Unlike in the past where family units were closely-knit, children were raised up playing in close-knit neighborhoods, and society appreciated each other, technology has displaced this in the modern society. Children these days are raised in the confines of their houses where video games and televisions have taken a huge bulk of their time and have become their â€Å"human† form of companionship. Rarely can children be seen playing with each other in the neighborhoods as many opt to stay in-doors playing their video games and this has also displaced the role and presence of parents in the family. Additionally, in the past, children used to be spanked by their parents as a form of punishment. This is different in modern times where spanking of children is seen as a vice and parents advocate for talking to their children in order to instill discipline . However, regardless of these differences in how children were and are raised in the past and in modern times, there is a common similarity in both cases, which is the fact that parents raise their children with love and care so as to be responsible individuals in the society. Regardless of the time period and the manner in which they are instilled discipline, parents raise their children with the goal of teaching them to be responsible people. In addition, there was and is always the presence of a parental figure, whether a single mother or father, who takes up the responsibility of raising the child and who strives to ensure that the child receives the basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. Who Is Affected by This? The practice of raising children mainly affects children, parents, and the society at large. Practices such as disciplining children in the past and present have several effects. In the past, the physical discipline of children was allowed in the society and it aided in shaping the children’s behavior in the society. In the present, physical discipline is not advocated for given the change in the society as it has several effects on children such as causing them to be aggressive and anxious. Children usually grow to become violent as they react to the physical discipline from their parents. Such children usually participate in violent crimes in the society, therefore disrupting the peace in the society. Besides, children are affected because they fail to develop emotionally where they tend to be violent to other children and grow up without knowing how to connect emotionally with others, thus affecting their future relationships. The relationship between children and parents i s also affected where the children tend to view their parents as violent and fail to form relationships with them. Children tend to grow up with fear of their parents and fail to develop ways to communicate with them. In case of non-physical discipline that is highly advocated for in the present, children sometimes fail to adhere to their parents’ rules and the effect is that they may develop bad behavior. The practice of raising children with the encouragement of different labor activities also has several effects, especially on children. In the past, children were required to undertake several household activities. The result is that children became more responsible and learnt to take care of themselves at an early age. Children also learnt from their household activities how to be responsible for their actions. In the present, some parents fail to involve their children in household activities and hire people who undertake activities for children. The effect of this is that such children lack basic skills on how to be responsible not only for themselves, but also for others. Such children fail to develop ways of being responsible in the society and fail to learn how to work with others. The practice of raising children by the authoritarian parenting style in the past and that of permissive parenting that is mainly being practiced in the present also have several effects on children and the society. In the past, parents were authoritative to their children and this greatly affected children in that they learnt to be obedient through the strict discipline that was emphasized. However, parents often withdrew their affection from their children and the effect is that the children failed to learn how to communicate with their own children. In the present, permissive parenting is mainly practiced whereby parents allow children to do whatever they want for fear of enforcing rules on them. The result is that children fail to develop any discipline and fail to adhere to any rules enforced on them not only in their homes, but also in the society. Children, therefore, fail to acknowledge rules, often participate in several crimes, and become unruly. The current single parent raising system that is ever growing as compared to the past also affects children. Divorce was uncommon in the past and, therefore, both parents thereby encouraging better discipline to be instilled in children closely monitor children’s behavior. In the present, single parents raise most children and the result is that children may lack discipline given the fact that a single parent may be too overwhelmed to monitor closely the children’s behavior. Potential Solutions to Modern Parenting A lot has changed in parenting both for the right course and bad course and, through observing changes that have taken place, it can be asserted that the changes have not been well received. Parenting today has missed a key point on how to raise a child and how they should guide them through their growth. Despite the claims of the difference in the time frame, still the main issue has remained the same, which is guiding children on the path of their development (Secret, 2005). To narrow the gap between the past parenting and the modern parenting, certain considerations must be addressed promptly. Putting parenting skills right will help children maintain a moral behavioral path despite the current situation. Provide Time for Children Today, parents are claimed to be very busy, running various errands. This allows them little or no time to address their children’s issues and provide them with proper guidance and care. Unlike previous parents who allocated plenty of time to spend with their children, today’s parents do not do so. This has become the greatest weakness among new parents. Children are an important part of a family and are very fragile and ductile when not properly taken care of. They require maximum attention so as to avoid the current misbehavior that most children today are accused of having. Therefore, parents need to allocate enough time despite their busy schedule to be a part of their children’s development. They should play their role as parents and keep their children’s progress effectively in check. Providing enough time will help reduce the level of poor child development and avoid missing important parenting steps in a child development (Rogers, 2002). Increase Connection between Parents and Children Parents have started to become distanced from their children. They lack the connection between them, making children feel left out during their development. It is recommended that parents maintain the connection with their children if they still need to be a part of their children’s life. Children value a close relationship with their parents; however, the modern parenting has failed to provide this connection. Today, parents are busy doing their duties, leaving their nannies to build a mutual relationship with their kids instead of them. The link between children and their parents is essential as it helps children to share inherent problems with their parents and be closer to them. However, today parents become distanced from their children due to the external demands of life, creating an enormous gap between them and their children. Thus, to solve this predicament, parents have to reinstate the connection between them and their children Plan Different Activities That Do Not Include TV, Phones, and Computers The world has changed and become different as compared to the past years. Technology has taken over most parenting activities and interaction. Most parents spend a lot of their time on embracing technology rather than their children. Moreover, children also find the use of such technology more appealing than their parents’ concern. Children spend most of their time watching, playing computer games, and texting among other technology-related activities. Therefore, to solve such issues, parents are required to engage their children in different activities that do not involve any form of technology. They should share affection with their kids and maintain physical contact such as hugging and cuddling instead of texting through phones. Communication should be direct rather than through the phone. Sharing such moments with children will help improve their connection and strengthen it between the two parties. Children value the presence of their parents and sharing time away from co mputers and phones in a family is a positive step towards reinstating proper parenting amongst families. Parents should avoid spending most of their time on computers and phones as much as possible. Sometimes, direct communication with children is beneficial for developing them and increasing their involvement with parents. Being a Role Model to Children It is recommended for parents to demonstrate a high standard of action and values that they want their children to embrace during their development. Childhood is a period of learning, whereby children mimic behaviors and characters that are presented to them. Therefore, for parents it is important to express the desirable quality that one would like their children to emulate. Parents are required to surround their children with positive people whom they deem acceptable to have their children around. Children learn as they grow through observing little things that are taking place around them. Parents play a huge role in building their children character and behavior. Thus, it is important for parents to act as a role model for their children and guide them on the right path of life before they grow out of hand (Burton, Phipps, Curtis, 2002). Furthermore, they should keep their children around people who are a good influence on their children to help develop them positively. Future Direction What makes the two parenting periods different is the lack of uniformity in the two systems. Today, parents lack consistency in keeping up with their children’s behavior and development. Children require guidance and regular supervising on the right part of development. As a parent, it is important to have a set of rules and guidelines that stipulate how the family should behave and conduct respectively (Charles et al., 2013). When children are well brought up in a family that has a direction, they will automatically fit into the system. This consistency in family development helps prevent the possibility of children showing signs of misconduct or expressing behaviors that are not a part of the family. Therefore, to help align the modern family with the best part of raising their children, it is essential for parents to provide their children with a consistent pattern of family development rules and behaviors that they can follow as they grow. By doing so, the family tradition s will be kept and even evolve due to children raising their future families in a similar manner. Family plays a significant role in children’s development. Over the decades, a lot has changed in relation to family development. People have embraced different ways of raising their children and developing various techniques that help in nurturing the young ones in a family. In the past, parents were more concerned with children who were obedient and non-self centered with a strong emphasis on building special characters and quality. However, this has changed over the years with parents today being sensitive to their children’s individual needs. Parenting has linked more to the demands of children rather the value of the society. Despite all the changes that have taken place between the two timeframes, the primary goal of parenting has remained the same, i.e. to instill moral and character development among children.